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ڈاکٹر ڈی۔ اے ۔ اسمتھ

ڈاکٹر ڈی ، اے ، اسمتھ

            ماہ گذشتہ میں آکسفرڈ سے ڈاکٹر ڈی، اے، اسمتھ، ال، ڈی کی وفات کی خبر موصول ہوئی ۔ ڈاکٹر موصوف مشرقی علوم سے خاص شغف رکھتے تھے، اور تاریخ ہند کے ایک مستند عالم سمجھے جاتے تھے۔ تقریباً ۱۸۷۰؁ء میں وہ ہندوستان میں ایک سویلین کی حیثیت سے آئے تھے، اور صوبہ متحدہ کے مختلف اضلاع میں مختلف مناصب پر فائز رہ کر کوئی بیس سال ہوئے پنشن لے کر وطن واپس گئے۔ ہندوستان کے سی (۳۰) سالہ قیام میں وہ نادر سکہ جات، کتبات وغیرہ بیش بہا تاریخی مواد فراہم کرتے رہے اور ملازمت سے سبکدوش ہونے کے بعد انھوں نے تاریخ ہند پر متعدد تصانیف شایع کیں، مثلاً اکبر اعظم، راجہ اشوک کا دورِ حکومت، وغیرہ جن میں سے بعض کتابیں ہندوستانی یونیورسٹیوں کے اعلیٰ نصابِ درس میں بھی داخل ہیں، ان کی آخری ضخیم تصنیف ’’آکسفرڈ ہسٹری آف انڈیاــ‘‘ حال ہی میں شایع ہوئی تھی۔ رایل ایشیاٹک سوسائٹی نے تمغوں اور دیگر اعزازات سے ان کی علمی خدمات کا بار بار اعتراف کیا تھا۔ (مارچ ۱۹۲۰ء)

 

An Analytical Study of the Outcomes and Impacts of Religious Education of Pakistan, the Challenges and Opportunities

This study focuses on the impact of Religious Education in Pakistan at individual and collective levels. The research discusses the educational basis for the study of religion and analyzes the contribution of religious education towards the intellectual growth of individuals. The study raises few questions regarding religious education in Pakistan such as; why has our education system been divided into religious and secular education system. Whether the existing religious education is able to create a linkage between religion and society or not, if not what are the areas which need to be focused. What are the possibilities of sidelining the religious education and what could be its effects. The research focuses on the aims and objectives or religious education in Pakistan by analyzing the nature of curriculums of religious education at various levels. This study highlights the deficiency of the inclusion of the teachings of other religions in our religious education. The research consists of a current survey of the said topic, some findings and conclusions on the issue and few recommendations as well.

Perissodactyla Mammalia from the Middle Siwaliks of Potwar Plateau, Pakistan

The research work reports perissodactyl fossils from the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene Siwalik localities of northern Pakistan. The localities are located in three districts of northern Pakistan, namely Attock, Jhelum and Chakwal. The studied sites Jogi Maira, Kaulial Kas and Dhok Mila are situated in the Attock district; the sites Bhandar, Dhok Gojri and Hasnot are in the Jhelum district and the sites Naragghi, Dhok Pathan and Sethi-Nagri are in the Chakwal district. The outcrops range Nagri to Dhok Pathan Formations of the Middle Siwalik Subgroup. More than 175 perissodactyl samples were recovered. The recovered fossil material comprises the maxillary and mandible fragments, isolated lower and upper incisors, deciduous and permanent premolars and molars. The comparative morphometric features of the newly collected material indicate a diverse presence of perissodactyls in the Middle Siwalik Subgroup of Pakistan. The identified perissodactyl taxa include six species of hipparionines (Equidae), Hipparion sp. small, Cormohipparion sp., Sivalhippus anwari, Sivalhippus cf. nagriensis, Sivalhippus perimensis and Sivalhippus theobaldi; two species of family Rhinocerotidae, Chilotheriumcf. intermedium and Alicornops sp., and one species of family Chalicotheriidae, Anisodon sp. The newly recovered specimens of Sivalhippus anwari provides additional details about the morphometric features of this species. Sivalhippustheobaldi represents predominance among the Siwalik hipparionines. The recovered faunal list is compared with the perissodactyls of the Siwalik Group as well as with the Eurasian localities of the same age. The bivariate analysis indicates the intraspecies size variations. The Siwalik perissodactyls show adaptive as well as taxonomic diversity. Mesowear-I analysis shows low occlusal relief and rounded cusps of Sivalhippus nagriensis and S. anwari whereas other Siwalik hipparionine species show high occlusal relief and sharp cusps. The perissodactyls provide evidence of savannah to woodland habitats during the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene of the subcontinent. Such inhabiting areas of the Siwalik were also enriched by the different pouches of the moist and damp areas of forests.
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