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75. Al-Qiyamah/The Resurrection

75. Al-Qiyamah/The Resurrection

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

75:01
a. I swear by the Time of Resurrection.

75:02
a. And I swear by the human soul,
b. self-blaming,
c. even if it exerts great efforts to be virtuous.

75:03
a. Does the human being reckon that WE shall never gather and re-assemble his bones to resurrect him?

75:04
a. Why not?
b. In fact WE are even Able to restore the very tips of his fingers with their lines too.

75:05
a. No! It is not that.
b. Instead, the human being wants to do evil while facing it – the conscience,

75:06
a. asking in mockery and denial:
b. ‘When shall be the Time of Resurrection?’

75:07
a. The Time of Resurrection will be the time when the eyesight would be startled and perplexed,

75:08
a. and the moon would be darkened through eclipses with its light disappearing,

75:09
a. and when the sun and the moon would be joined together in one place,
b. and this will be the Time of Resurrection!

75:10
a. At that Time, the human being will ask:
b. ‘Where is the escape?’

75:11
a. Never will there be any escape!
b. There will not even be a refuge to flee to and seek any protection!

75:12
a. To your Rabb - The Lord alone will be the recourse of this Time,

75:13
a. - the Time when the human being will be...

A Sharia’h Perspective of Minimum Account Balance Requirement in Islamic Banking

ABSTRACT: Banks charge fee on saving and current accounts or downgrade them when the balance drops below a threshold point. This could be justified in conventional banking on pure business grounds; however, it is an issue of concern in Islamic banking because of the underlying Shari’a (Islamic Law) issues in this practice. While some Islamic banks charge incidental fees, as practiced by conventional banks, on accounts with low balances, others simply stop paying profits on such savings accounts and some even downgrade them by stopping some of the free sendees. This conceptual paper addresses the Shari'a aspect of such practices in Islamic banking. The paper first presents a broader picture of Islamic banks’ practices in relation to this issue and then explores relevant Shari'a principles. The current market practices are then analyzed in light of Shari’a principles. The findings reveal that imposing restrictions/ charges on low-balance savings and current accounts are against the basic tenets ofShari’a principles. The implications of the paper are twofold. Firstly, it opens up a whole new dimension of literature in the field of Islamic banking by instigating an important untouched area. Secondly, it strongly recommends that Islamic banks reconsider their practices in this regard in order to stay viable in the long run. The paper also gives alternative recommendations for addressing the problem in a Shari’a compliant way

Ablatives Based on Multiple Reinforced Elastomeric Composites for Aerospace Applications

Ablatives are materials used to protect the inner hardware of aerospace structures from the inimical temperature and shear environments. Fifty six diverse compositions have been used with numerous incorporations (MWCNTs, nanokaolinite, nanomontmorillonite, fine natural cork, phenolic resin, carbon fiber, Kevlar fiber, glass fiber, Spectra fiber, and ceramic fiber) and elastomeric matrices ( ethylene propylene monomer, styrene butadiene, silicon, and nitrile butadiene rubber) to fabricate polymer ablative composites for hyperthermal/hypersonic environment encountered during the space vehicle and ballistic missiles re-entry missions. The reinforcements have been impregnated into the elastomeric matrices using internal dispersion kneader and two-roller mixing mill. Three types of mold geometries have been used according to ASTM standards to fabricate the composites on the hot isostatic press to evaluate in-situ back-face temperature elevation, linear/radial ablation resistance, and mechanical properties. High temperature ( ≈ 3000 o C) oxy–acetylene torch coupled with the temperature data logging system was used to execute the ablation measurements of the ablative composites. Thermal stability and heat absorbing capability investigations have been carried out on the TG/DTA equipment. Mechanical properties have been executed using Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and rubber hardness tester. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with the energy dispersive spectroscopy was performed to demonstrate the reinforcement’s dispersion, interface quality, char morphology, char–reinforcement interaction, and compositional analysis of the composites. The ablation, thermal, and mechanical properties of the fabricated composites have been positively influenced with increasing the concentration of the nanoclays/synthetic fibers/nanotubes in the host rubber matrices. The least backface temperature evolution under 200s flame exposure, best linear/radial/mass ablation resistance, and the utmost improvement in tensile strength and elongation at break have been observed for 30 wt% nanokaolinite and 7 wt% chopped Kevlar fiber impregnated ablative composites. High thermal stability, heat quenching capability, low thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, and remarkable reinforcement–matrix adhesion are identified as the most viiprominent factors for enhanced ablation performance. The novelty of this research work is the fabrication of new ablative formulations with augmented ablation resistance (linear ablation rate of ~ 0.002mm/s) and back-face temperatures in the vicinity of 55 o C. This compares with the ablation rates of 0.01mm/s and back-face temperatures 130 o C for contemporary work using elastomeric composites under similar conditions. A host of ablators have been ranked in terms of linear and radial ablation rate, backface temperature, and mechanical strength following head-on impingement, or radial flow conditions of oxy- acetylene flame. The designer can choose the appropriate combination of ablators for the situation at hand using the ablation data provided in consolidated form towards the end of the thesis.
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