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پروفیسر خلیق احمد نظامی

پروفیسر خلیق احمد نظامی کی یاد میں
(پروفیسر اصغر عباسی)
’’نظامی صاحب بلند پایہ عالم اور ملک کے ممتاز مورخ اور دارالمصنفین کے رکن رکین تھے، ان پر بعض مشہور اہل قلم سے جن کو ان سے گہری واقفیت تھی، مضمون لکھنے کی فرمایش کی گئی ہے، اس مضمون میں ان کی زندگی کے ایک خاص پہلو ہی سے گفتگو کی گئی ہے‘‘۔ (ض)
خلیق احمد نظامی صاحب کے نام نامی سے میں علی گڑھ آنے سے پہلے ہی واقف ہوچکا تھا لیکن ملاقات ۱۹۶۸؁ء میں ہوئی جب راقم الحروف سرسید ہال کا طالب علم تھا اور وہ اس کے پرووسٹ مقرر ہوئے تھے۔
نظامی صاحب متوسط قد کے تھے لیکن ان کا جسم ایسا تھا کہ ہر لباس خواہ ہندوستانی ہو یا انگریزی ان پر خوب پھبتا تھا، ان کا رنگ گندمی تھا جس کی وجہ سے ان کے سفید بالوں کی جو قدرے لمبائی لیے ہوئے تھے سپیدی کا احساس بڑھ جاتا تھا۔ ان کی آنکھیں بڑی نہیں تھیں لیکن نہایت روشن تھیں جن میں ایک خاص چمک تھی، ان کے چہرے سے رعب عیاں ہوتا تھا لیکن خوف بالکل نہیں معلوم ہوتا تھا۔
نظامی صاحب مجسم علم تو تھے ہی لیکن ان کے سرتاپا عمل ہونے کا عقدہ اس وقت کھلا جب انہوں نے پہلی بار یونیورسٹی میں انتظامی عہدہ سنبھالا اور سرسید ہال میں پرووسٹ ہوکر آئے، ان کے زمانے میں ہال نے بڑی ترقی کی۔ میں اس کا عینی شاہد ہوں کہ وہ ہال کے دفتر میں حساب کا ایک ایک رجسٹر دیکھتے، مددگاروں کو انتظامات کی ایک ایک جزئی باتیں سمجھاتے انہیں راستہ بھی دکھاتے اور ایک ایک کام کی تاکید بھی کرتے اس کا نتیجہ یہ ہوا کہ ہال کے درد و دیوار سے لے کر اس کے سبزہ زار تک سب سرسبز اور شاداب ہوگئے۔ دراصل ہال کی...

A Welcome Message from The Editor

It is with profound pleasure that we write this editorial to welcome you to the new journal, “Pakistan Biomedical Journal” (PBMJ), an interdisciplinary international journal. PBMJ has successfully completed its first volume and now its the second volume. We greatly appreciate the response of scientists who have contributed previously and are still contributing to this new journal. The subject of the journal is interesting and we try to address the health related concerns of public and improve the understandingof scientific phenomenons by researchers. Research discoveries are happening at a fast pace, in all the fields and PBMJ provides an ideal forum for exchange of scientific knowledge in terms of full length papers, surveys, reviews, case studies, letters to editor and systematic analysis. PBMJ is committed to publishing all manuscripts receiving a high recommendation from reviewers. The intention of PBMJ is to create space for generation of new knowledge, debate, collaborations among national and international scientists. Our vision is to promote research that will be helpful for knowledge sharing, new discoveries, development of critical thinking among the upcoming scholars, guidance for policy makers, awareness among the concerned community and ultimately benefitting the general population in improving health and fitness at large. It is a matter of pride for us to haveexcellent editorial board members from renowned institutes. We aim to have the best standards of quality of the published manuscripts. With every issue, we are continuously trying to improve the standards. We look forward for more exciting researches and scientific studies from all over the world. We would like to extend a very warm welcome to the readers of PBMJ and hope you will join us as authors, reviewers and editors in future.

Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of Rural Poverty in Sindh Province of Pakistan

Sanghar district has a population of 1.353 million according to 1998 census. Agriculture employees 70% of the rural people out of which 57% are self employed. Farming is mostly at subsistence level except for the bigger land holding. Large number of landless people work on these farms and are mostly paid in cash. Besides subsistence earning high dependency ratio is another reason of poverty. The major source of drinking water supply were hand pumps and pipe water in the district, only 17% of the rural population had access to separate latrines, while 16% have access to shared latrines. Badin district with a population of 1.2 million is one of the richest district in terms of natural resource base but it is the poorest in terms of human development. Extreme natural disasters had adversely affected the district over the last ten years. This has resulted in a general disruption of livelihoods, increased their vulnerability and in some cases led to out migration. Inequality in the distribution of water and lack of basic social services and infrastructure has further resulted in harsh living conditions and extreme poverty. This study was conducted to estimate poverty and inequality in the distribution of income, analyse the determinants and identify the correlates of poverty in Sindh. The study also evaluated various government, NGOs and private sector initiatives towards poverty alleviation. A total sample of 320 households was selected from two district. Multistage sampling was used to select households. The primary data collected from household survey was analysed. For measuring Poverty headcount Index,Poverty gap and Sen Index were used, while for measuring inequality Lorenz curve and gini coefficient were used. For analyzing the determinants and identifying the correlates logistic regression and multiple linear regression models were estimated. The major conclusion drawn from the study revealed that headcount ratio was 52% in Sanghar district, and in Badin it was 56%; while Sanghar district has a poverty gap of 373, and in Badin it is 356. On the same proportion the two districts have a sen index of 0.31 respectively. Logistic regression was applied to primary data. The results revealed that logistic regression satisfy the 85% while multiple linear regression accounted for 47% variation. Land ownership is significant because those who own land will be out of poverty. As the number of earners increases the proportion of household poverty decreases. All variables show significant values except household size which shows a positive sign. In the Lorenz curve and gini coefficient if the gap between the perfect distribution line and Lorenz curve is high it implies that there is inequality in the distribution of income. If Lorenz curve goes down this shows that most of the people in the study areas have low income. It was concluded that land, household size, number of earners and qualification of household head has a significant effect on poverty. xiiiBased upon the research findings it is recommended that irrigation water may be provided in the study areas so that the poor could utilize their land for crop production. Delivery of essential services and basic necessities of life would reduce the burden of poverty in both Sanghar and Badin. There is a need for a very strong monitoring and evaluation of NGOs / VDOs so as to make sure that their services reach the poorest of the poor in the study areas. The monitoring and evaluation should be carried out by independent research institutions. Government should introduce new housing schemes so as to support those in ultra poverty. Local entrepreneurs and businessmen may launch a massive effort for job creation. Network of institutional credit may be widened to rural areas. One of the measures to alleviate extreme poverty in the study area would be to establish vocational skill training centre through public private partnership to train youth and women for self reliance. Rural leadership and community organizations developed programmes may be launched by major NGOs and public sector organizations. Poor communities may be encouraged to participate in planning and development. There is a need to encourage active participation of rural women in income generating jobs through a very strong social mobilization. These suggestions would facilitate and sustained reduction in poverty and ultimately play a positive role in achieving the United Nations Millennium Development Goals of fighting poverty and hunger by the year 2015.
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