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ایک ہو ں مسلم حرم کی پاسبانی کے لیے

ایک ہوں مسلم حرم کی پاسبانی کے لیے
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب شاہینو!آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کا موقع مل رہا ہے وہ ہے’:’ایک ہوںمسلم حرم کی پاسبانی کے لیے ‘‘
محترم صدر!
اتحاد جس شکل میں موجود ہو قابل تحسین تصور کیا جا تا ہے جوقوم ملی اتحاد کی دولت سے مالامال ہوتی ہے وہ ہر لحاظ سے خوش و خرم ہوتی ہے اس کی فضاؤں میں آلودگی نہیں ہوتی اس کے کھلیانوں میں خس و خاشاک نہیں ہوتے۔ اس کے میز گردجہالت سے خالی ہوتے ہیں اس کے افراد کی عروق مردہ نہیں ہوتیں۔ اس کے میدان ویران نہیں ہوتے۔ اس کے ہسپتال آباد نہیں ہوتے۔
محترم صدر!
اتحاد جس قوم میں بھی ہو وہ دیگر اقوام میں ممتاز ہوتی ہے۔ اس کے وجود میں حسن اور نکھار پیدا ہو جاتا ہے چند اینٹیں متحد ہو جائیں تو ایک مکان تعمیر کر دیتی ہیں ایک عمارت بنادیتی ہیں ایک دیوار کھڑی کر کے بے پردہ گھر کو باپردہ بنادیتی ہیں، چند قطرے اکٹھے ہو جائیں تو ایک بحیرہ اور پھر بحر کی شکل اختیار کر لیتے ہیں۔ ریت کے چند ذرّے اکٹھے اور متحد ہو جائیں تو ریگستان وجود میں آجاتا ہے۔
صدرِذی وقار!
اسلام میں اتحادملی پر بہت زور دیا گیا ہے۔ حدیث نبویؐ ہے مسلمان مسلمان کا بھائی ہے، مسلمان مسلمان کوکبھی گالی نہیں دیتا، مسلمان مسلمان کو کبھی بُر ابھلا نہیں کہتا، اسلام کے زیور سے مرصعّ شخص معاشرے کے ماتھے کا جھومر ہوتا ہے۔ اس کے انداز نشست و برخاست معیاری ہوتے ہیں، اس کی گفتگو میں حسن ہوتا ہے۔ جواتحادملی کے جذبے سے سرشار ہوتا ہے۔
جنابِ صدر!
دنیائے رنگ و بو کے...

The Shift of Power from the Public Representatives to the Bureaucratic and Military Elite: Case Study of the First Decade of Pakistan

A combination of military coups with irregular intervals and failed democratic governments has underpinned Pakistan’s chronic instability. This paper explores the impediments in the path of democracy in Pakistan caused by the entanglement of institutions. The basic democratic principles, on which the movement for the creation of Pakistan was launched and succeeded, were lost within the first decade of independence. Several scholars hold that the people of Pakistan got liberated from the British and Hindu majority to be enslaved by socio-political and military elite. The failure of politicians in devising a viable political system resulted in the bureaucratic-military nexus as they made every effort to curb parliamentary politics. Musical chair game of power became the norm of the day which resulted in the decay of democracy and other institutions. Unlike its counterpart, Indian National Congress, Muslim League due to weak and loose political organization, failed miserably in areas constituting Pakistan which prevented it in playing a consolidating role. Moreover, the threats from India and Afghanistan forced the political leadership to invest heavily in security to deter Indian and Afghan threats. In fact, it was the imbalance between the civil and military components of the state, which became the key reason behind the political chaos in Pakistan during its first decade. The Army emerged as an overwhelming force overpowering all other institutions in the country. Democratic ideals such as rule of people through their representatives, fair representation and provincial autonomy, pronounced in the 1940 Lahore Resolution, were soon forgotten. Weak democratic forces could not compete with the skilled bureaucracy and a powerful army. Such chaotic conditions proved instrumental in leading to the proclamation of the first Martial Law in Pakistan

On the Capacity of an Everage and Peak Constrained Optical Wireless Relay Channel

Ever evolving bandwidth hungry applications present a gigantic challenge and an unprecedented opportunity for wireless communication. Radio spectrum is already congested. The researchers are vigorously pursuing efficient utilisation of radio spectrum and use of alternate media. Optical wireless is an attractive alternative media that can provide ultra high bandwidth and unregulated spectrum. However, its area of coverage is severely restricted by atmospheric turbulence and misalignment errors. Cooperative relaying can enhance the coverage and availability of optical wireless. This motivates the present study of an optical wireless relay channel (OWRC). Whereas radio frequency wireless relay channel has been widely investigated, study of an OWRC is a novel subject. Focus of this thesis is to develop capacity region by defining upper and lower bounds, the minimum energy per bit required for reliable communication and the outage capacity due to fading induced by scintillation and misalignment errors. An OWRC is the classical three node network comprising source, relay and destination nodes. The nodes are interconnected by optical wireless. The optical wireless links of the OWRC are assumed to be Gaussian. The upper bounds are based on the principle of min-max cut flow. Expectation of the information divergence between an output measure and the channel law over the joint input probability measure is used to derive the bounds. The choice of output measure is critical in obtaining a tight upper bound. The lower bounds are computed in terms of entropy of the input probability measures. Capacity approaching measures are used for obtaining tight lower bounds. The lower bounds also depend on the relaying strategy. Decode and forward, compress and forward, and amplify and forward relaying is considered in this thesis. It is shown that upper and lower bounds tend to converge when peak signal to noise ratio is high. Fading due to scintillation and misalignment is investigated for different relaying strategies. Probability of outage is derived in closed form for the above mentioned relaying strategies. Bounds on the minimum energy per bit required for reliable communication over an OWRC are defined as a function of peak signal level. They are closely related to the lower and upper bounds on the capacity. It is shown that the minimum energy per bit is inversely proportional to the square root of the low signal asymptotic capacity. The results of this thesis provide a comprehensive and novel study of an optical wireless relay channel. It will help in estimating the capacity, coverage and availability issues of optical wireless relay networks in general and relay channels in particular for positioning optical wireless to augment the wireless infrastructure to meet the growing customer needs.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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