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پروفیسر حافظ محمود خاں شیرانی

پروفیسر حافظ محمود خاں شیرانی
دوسرا حادثۂ وفات پروفیسر حافظ محمود خاں شیرانی کاہے جوفروری کی آخری تاریخوں میں پیش آیا۔ مرحوم فارسی اور اردو دونوں زبانوں کی شعروشاعری اور تاریخ ادب کے نامور محقق اور فاضل تھے۔ذکاوت وفطانت کے ساتھ قوتِ حافظہ غیر معمولی تھی۔قرآن مجید کے حافظ تھے ہی۔فردوسی کاشاہنامہ بھی انھیں ازبر یادتھا۔یورپ میں ایک مدت تک رہ چکے تھے اور وہاں کے نامور مستشرقین سے روابط رکھتے تھے۔ عربی اور فارسی اور اردو کی قلمی کتابوں اور مختلف قدیم اسلامی سلطنتوں کے سکوں کوجمع کرنے کابڑا شوق تھا اوروہ علمی تحقیق وجستجو کے میدان میں ان سے خاطر خواہ فائدہ اٹھاتے تھے ۔فارسی اوراردو زبان کے شعراء کے مطبوعہ اورغیر مطبوعہ تذکروں اوران کے مجموعہ ہائے کلام پر ان کی نظر بہت گہری اور وسیع تھی۔اس کے علاوہ اسلامی تاریخ اورعلمِ عروض میں بھی بڑا درک رکھتے تھے۔۱۹۲۰ء میں پنجاب یونیورسٹی میں اردو کے پروفیسر مقرر ہوئے۔بیس سال تک اس خدمت پرمامور رہنے کے بعد ۴۰ء میں اس سے سبکدوش ہوکر اپنے وطن ٹونک میں خانہ نشین ہوگئے۔اس مدت میں آپ نے بحیثیت نقاد ہندوستان کے علمی اورادبی حلقوں میں غیر معمولی شہرت پائی۔اس شہرت کاآغاز اس مقالہ سے ہوا جو ’’تنقید شعرالعجم‘‘ کے نام سے انجمن ترقی اردو کے سہ ماہی رسالہ ’’اردو‘‘ میں کئی سال تک مسلسل نکلتا رہاتھا۔اورجواب اسی نام سے کتابی شکل میں چھاپ دیاگیا ہے۔اس کے علاوہ ’’آب حیات‘‘ (آزاد) ’’ہندوستان میں مغلوں سے قبل فارسی‘‘، ’’رباعی کے اوزان‘‘ وغیرہ پر جو آپ کے تنقیدی مقالات اورینٹل کالج میگزین لاہور اوردوسرے رسائل میں شائع ہوچکے ہیں ان میں سے ہر ایک مقالہ معلومات اورتحقیق و ژرف نگاہی کے اعتبارسے فارسی اور اردو ادبیات کے طالب علم کے لیے انمول موتیوں کاایک خزانہ ہے۔مستقل تصنیفات میں ’’پنجاب میں اردو‘‘، ’’فرودسی پرچار مقالے‘‘، ’’پرتھی راج راسا‘‘اور ’’خالق باری‘‘ آپ کی...

The Social and Financial Performance of Conventional and Islamic Microfinance Institutions in Pakistan

The financing operations of conventional microfinance institutions are usually based on interest (Usury/Riba) which is strictly prohibited by the Shariah of Islam, therefore, some Islamic microfinance institutions were set up in Pakistan to provide micro credit and other financial help to the deserving people based on Shariah compliant mechanism. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and compare the social and financial performance of these microfinance institutions in Pakistan. Two separate samples containing two microfinance institutions each, representing conventional and Islamic microfinance institutions has been selected for this study. Four stars, Wasil Foundation and Akhuwat from Islamic microfinance institutions while Asasah and Community Support Concern (CSC) from conventional microfinance institutions, rated by Mix market have been selected for this research paper. The social and financial performance based on outreach, profitability, efficiency/productivity, and portfolio quality of both these microfinance institutions were studied and compared. The study revealed that Islamic MFIs were more cost effective compared to conventional MFIs based on cost per borrower (CPB) and operating expenses to assets (OEA), while on the basis of financial efficiency conventional MFIs performed well. Though the financial and social performance of both Islamic and conventional MFIs have improved over the passage of time, still they have to struggle hard on various fronts especially to improve their profitability based on ROA and ROE measures to make the institutions profitable and sustainable. This study reveals that the successful operation of Akhuwat and Wasil Foundation for the last more than a decade latterly proves that Islamic MFIs are viable and sustainable even in the absence of charging interest from their clients. So, the society and the government should encourage and promote these Shariah compliant organizations in order to help the extremely marginalized people of the society.

Exploring the Practices of a Head Teacher in Enhancing Community Participation in a Public Secondary School in District Quetta, Balochistan

Community participation in schools has been widely advocated by researchers in the developed and developing countries. As schools get overwhelmed with so many innovations, new programmes, and competing priorities, they require more resources and sources of support. Thus communities to which schools serve have become a great source of support and resources, both human and material. This is very true for schools in Pakistan, particularly the public sector schools, which lack in effective governance and management and resources. Therefore there is a dire need for increasing communities’ active and meaningful participation in schools. However it is not known what can really increase communities’ active participation in schools and who can play the lead role in making this happen. There seems to be a consensus amongst researchers, practitioners, and policy makers that the head teacher can play the most crucial role in achieving greater level of community participation in a school. Thus keeping in view the centrality of the head teacher’s role, this study looked into the perceptions and practices of the head teacher in increasing community participation in a public sector secondary school in the district of Quetta, Balochistan. An exploratory qualitative case study approach was used to conduct this study. The data were generated through semi-structured interviews, observations, document analysis, and informal conversations with five purposively selected participants including the head teacher, two teachers, and two community members. The findings of the study revealed that the head teacher did play a key role in bridging the gap between the school and the local community. The head teacher’s perceptions about community participation in school, his leadership approach, and practices in and outside the school determine the level and purpose of community participation. Based on the findings, the study draws a few conclusions having implications for school leadership, community leaders, policy makers and researchers.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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