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کیا رت ساون دی آئی

کیا رت ساون دی آئی
اساں آس ملن دی لائی
سانوں بھکھاں ایہہ سکھایا
نہ رکھیے آس پرائی
اوہ دکھی ڈھیر ہجر وچ
جنھاں پنڈ عشق دی چائی
نہیں چنگا لمّا روسا
کر لیے یار رسائی
نہیں کوئی غریب دا ساتھی
چھڈ جاندے سکے بھائی
گیا سارا چھڈ زمانہ
جدوں سجناں کنڈ وکھائی
کوئی کرے تعریف عشق دی
درداں دی اوکھی کھائی

An Appraisal of the Degree of School Effectiveness among Secondary Schools of Zamfara State, Nigeria

This study was conducted purposely to assess the degree of school effectiveness among public secondary schools of Zamfara State, Nigeria. In order to achieve this fundamental objective, one research question was formulated. A descriptive survey research design was adopted in the study. Population of the study comprised the entire 2361 classroom teachers deployed in the 158 public secondary schools of Zamfara State-Nigeria. From the population of the study, a sample size of 266 teachers was extracted using a ‘Multistage Random Sampling Technique’. A semi-structured questionnaire developed by Lezzote and Snyder (2011) on a five Likert type scale instrument with 21 items was employed as an instrument for data collection. The instrument composite reliability was computed using Cronbach’s alpha method and obtained the value of .949. All data covered in the study were collected through a field survey approach. Analytically, the current study discovered that, the degree of school effectiveness was at a high extent with mean score (M=3.68, SD=0.15). Based on this finding, the paper recommends that, stakeholders in educational sector comprising government’s ministries, departments and agencies, policymakers, secondary schools’ principals, instructional teachers as well as the learners and their parents/guardians should reciprocally work together in the process of appropriate perpetration and advancement of effective school system and its practices.

Role of Moral Disengagement and Dark Triad in Relational Aggression Among Adolescents

The present study has two main objectives. First aim was to develop an indigenous scale to measure moral disengagement among adolescents and the second objective was to find out the predictive relationship among moral disengagement, dark triad and relational aggression among adolescents. Study-I was carried out to develop indigenous scale on moral disengagement among adolescents. The scale of moral disengagement was based on Bandura’s model of moral disengagement.Initially item pool of 90 items was generated by going through literature review based on previous scales developed on Bandura’s model and experts were also consulted to convert different dimensions of moral disengagement into culture relevant behaviors. Item pool of 90 items was turned into 76 items after expert evaluation and pilot testing. For finding highly correlated items in the first and second administration, sample of 284 adolescents between 12 to 19 years of age was selected. Finally, 40 highly correlated items were scrutinized. Factor analysis was carried out on sample of 400 adolescents, selected from different schools and colleges of district Gujrat. Exploratory Factor Analysis resulted into six factors comprising of 26 items (KMO= .8). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the same structure after deletion of two more items with good model fit indices (CFI= .902, CMIN/DF= 1.782, GFI=.923, AGFI= .901, RMSEA= .044) and six subcategories. Sub categories were labeled accordingly. Alpha reliability for full scale was .80 which indicate that scale is highly reliable.Study-II explored the predictive relationship among moral disengagement and dark triad with relational aggression. A sample of 612 adolescent students with age range 12-19 were selected from different educational institute of Gujrat, Pakistan. Newly developed moral disengagement scale for adolescents (MDSA) (Riaz & Bano, 2018), Dark triad personality scale short version (D3-short; Gul-E-Sehar & Fatimah, 2016) and the Urdu version of diverse adolescent relational aggression scale originally developed by Horton (2010) and translated by Riaz (2014) was used to measure relational aggression. The findings of the present study revealed significant predictive relation of moral disengagement [R2 =.327; F (1,607) = 295.362, p<.01], diffusion and displacement of responsibility sub dimension with relational aggression [R2 =.182; F (1, 608) = 135.060, p<.01],advantageous comparison with relational aggression [R2 =.135; F (1, 608) = 94.823-, p<.01],dehumanization with relational aggression [R2 =.199; F (1, 608) = 151.106, p<.01], ,attribution of blame with relational aggression [R2 =.134; F (1, 608) = 94.374, p<.01],moral justification with relational aggression [R2 =.110; F (1, 608) = 75.088, p<.01], and euphemistic labeling with relational aggression [R2 =.054; F (1, 609) = 34.742, p<.01] The current study also revealed significant predictive relation of Machiavellianism with relational aggression [R2 =. 220; F (1, 607) = 171.340, p<.01], narcissism with relational aggression [R2 =.189; F (1, 607) = 141.753, p<.01] and psychopathy with relational aggression [R2 =.265; F (1, 607) = 218.635, p<.01].Multiple regression analysis was carried out to find out the combined effect of moral disengagement and dark triad on relational aggression among adolescents. Findings revealed significant predictive relation of moral disengagement and machiavellianism with relational aggression [R2 =.423; F (2, 604) = 221.483, p<.01], with Moral disengagement and narcissism [R2 =.407; F (2, 604) = 206.882, p<.01], and with moral disengagement and psychopathy [R2 =.393; F (2, 604) = 195.887, p<.01].The present study supported the predictive relationship of moral disengagement and dark triad with relational aggression. These findings may have implication in the future intervention and prevention procedure for adolescents.
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