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نتیجہ بحث

نتیجہ بحث

فصل ہذا کے مطالعہ سے یہ امر واضح ہو جاتا ہے کہ قرآن مجید فصاحت و بلا غت کے اعتبار سے بے مثل کتاب ہے۔ علم معانی، علمِ بیان اور علم بلاغت کے ماہرین نے اس کی لسانی و ادبی خصوصیات کو اپنی نگارشات کا موضوع بنایا ہے۔قرآن مجید کے اسالیبِ بیان اپنی اثر پذیری میں بے مثل ہیں۔التفات، تجانس ،تشابہ،تضاد، مغایرت، سجع، نظم اور استفہام اہم اسالیب شمار ہوتے ہیں۔اسلوبِ استفہام ، متعدد حِکم و فوائد کا حامل ہونے کے باوصف، ارسالِ دعوت کا منفرد اسلوب ہے۔ درحقیقیت سوالیہ انداز ، مخاطب کی توجہات کو پوری طرح مبذول کرنے اور حصولِ آمادگی کا اہم ذریعہ ہیں۔ قرآن مجید میں استفہام کسی حقیقیت کے اثبات اور نفی دونوں کیلئے استعمال کیا گیا ہے، اور غورو فکر پر آمادہ کیا گیا ہے۔تاکید واقرار ، ترغیب و عبرت پذیری،، تحقیر و توبیخ اور تعجب و نوازش کے مقاصد کے تحت اس کا استعمال ہوا ہے۔قرآن مجید میں آیات استفہام کا منفرد ادبی اسلوب موجود ہے۔

ORGANIZATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION IN INDONESIA ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION IN INDONESIA

Organizational culture is defined as the underlying beliefs, assumption, values and ways of interacting that contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of an organization. There are two types of culture, i.e. Material culture and non-material culture, which had been organized and maintained according to the needs of human being. Source of the culture is originated from the product of human being’s thought. Human being itself is a unique individual whose behaviour influenced by many variations and shapes of culture in society. As for the object of organizational culture in educational institution, it included quality, achievement, and professionalism which can be  developed by educational institution.

Exploring Head Teachers Understanding of Monitoring in Community Based Schools in Karachi, Pakistan

This study examined how head teachers of two Community-Based Schools (CBS) in Karachi understood monitoring in relation to school yearly plan. The study was conducted within the qualitative paradigm. Two head teachers of local CBS schools (Mountain and City) participated in the study. Interview, observation and document analysis were used as a major research data collection tools. The results of the study revealed that the head teachers have been engaged in monitoring practices. Both of them considered monitoring as a fundamental factor for the smooth functioning of the school activities. However, the way they approached the tasks are different. The head teachers viewed monitoring professional development of teachers, parental involvement to promote students' learning, teaching and learning, and planning as the key areas to be monitored. The data reveal that in the Mountain school monitoring approach is delegated, while in the city school it is mostly the head teacher who carries out monitoring all activities. The study reveals that head teachers' professional exposure and presence of professional capacity in the school determine their monitoring approach. For instance, the principal of the Mountain school has an extensive and professional and academic exposure. He has two professionally trained teachers in his team, to whom he has delegated the responsibility of monitoring by the virtue of their professional assignments as academic head and head of ECD section respectively. While in the City school, the teachers have nominal professional qualifications with some exposure to short term courses. The study identifies some focused areas in the CBS school context for monitoring. Both head teachers do monitoring, but there is no such monitoring strategy as a part of yearly plan. Monitoring finance and teaching and learning are focused. The study identifies planning as the backbone for development of school. The study shows different kinds of planning in both schools. But both head teachers monitor the plan. Finally, the study finds some areas for further exploration for researchers.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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