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اردو مصوتوں کا نظام

اردو مصوتوں کا نظام

کلام یا گفت گو کرتے ہوئے ایسی آوازیں جن کی ادائیگی میں منہ کے اندر کسی قسم کی رکاوٹ نہیں ڈالی جاتی، ان بغیر رگڑ یا رکاوٹ کے پیدا ہونے والی آوازوں کو مصوتے کہا جاتا ہے۔ بقول گوپی چند نارنگ:

’’وہ آوازیں جنہیں پیدا کرنے کےلیے ہواکےگزرنے کاراستہ نسبتاً کُھلا چھوڑدیاجاتاہے لیکن زبان اور ہونٹوں کی مختلف حرکات سے منہ کے اندرونی حصےکی شکل میں تغیر وتبدل کیاجاتاہے۔اس طرح پیداہونے والی آوازوں کو مصوتے کہاجاتاہے۔‘‘۵۱؎

مصوتے کو انگریزی زبان میں Vowelsاور عربی زبان میں حروفِ علت کہا جاتا ہے۔مصوتے کو اردو زبان میں سُر بھی کہتےہیں۔

مصوتوں کی ادائیگی کے دوران زبان کی تین طرح کی حرکت ہوتی ہے:

۱۔زبان کی نوک جب تالو کےسخت حصے کی طرف اٹھے اس طرح نکلنے والے مصوتے اگلے (Front) مصوتے کہلاتےہیں۔

۲۔جب زبان کا درمیانی حصہ اوپرتالو کی طرف اٹھے تو اس وقت پیدا ہونے والے مصوتوں کو مرکزی (Central) یا درمیانے مصوتے کہا جاتا ہے۔

۳۔ جب زبان کی جڑیاپچھلا حصہ اوپر نرم تالو کی طرف اٹھے تو اس وقت پیداہونے والے مصوتے پچھے (Back) مصوتے کہلاتےہیں۔

ان تین طریقوں سےپیدا ہونے والے مصوتوں کوماہرین لسانیات نے مختلف حصوں میں تقسیم کیاہے۔انگریزی زبان میں مصوتوں کی تعداد پانچ ہے۔ (a.e.i.o.u) انگریزی کے ان مصوتوں کوماہر لسانیات نےمزید ذیلی مصوتوں میں تقسیم کیاہے۔اردو میں مصوتوں کی تعداد مختلف ماہرین لسانیات نے مختلف لکھی ہے۔بقول ڈاکٹر محبوب عالم خان:

’’اردو کے دس اساسی مصوتوں کی نشان دہی ان بنیادی مصوتوں کے چوکٹھے میں زبان کی بلندی، جبڑوں کے فاصلے اور لبوں کی شکل کو مدِ نظر رکھتے ہوئے کی گئی ہے۔‘‘۵۲؎

Assessment of Dietary Behavior of Children Aged between 3-12 Years Suffering from Thalassemia Visiting Tertiary Care Hospitals, Lahore Dietary behavior of Thalassemia children

Thalassemia is a hereditary blood disorder passed down through families in which the body makes hemoglobin in an abnormal form. Nutritional deficiencies in thalassemia children results in anemia and other medical complications. Objective: To assess dietary behavior of children aged between 3-12 years suffering from thalassemia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the outdoor patient department of thalassemia at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore for 4 months.100 patients were selected through non probability sampling technique. Data was tabulated and analyzed by SPSS version 21.0. Results: Thalassemia was more prevalent in the age group of 8-12 years. Nutritional deficiencies in thalassemia patients caused anemia as it was evident from results that 74% of thalassemic children had pale skin. As far as dietary intake was concerned only 4% of thalassemia children were consuming meat and meat products.58% of thalassemia children consumed milk on daily basis. Only 8% took green leafy vegetables on daily basis as it contains high amount of iron. Micro nutrient deficiencies as vitamin A, C were common among thalassemia patients as only 30% were consuming fruits on daily basis. Conclusions: Most of the thalassemiacchildren were found to be malnourished due to inadequate dietary intake. The caregivers and parents should be counseled to create awareness

Optimization of Chemical and Biochemical Processes for Electricity Generation

The HHO gas unit was designed for electricity generation. The components were as follows: Glass cell I, Glass cell II(Gel Electrolyte Cell), Fuel cell Design I, Microbial fuel cell design I (Laboratory Scale), Microbial fuel cell design II, (Sediment microbial fuel cell design with salt bridge), Fuel cell design II (broken cell), Fuel cell using waste water as fuel (Design I), Waste water fuel cell design II, Fuel cell design III (Plate type I), Fuel cell design IV (Plate type II), Fuel cell design V (Using copper and graphite Electrodes), Fuel cell design VI-the H 2 Hydrogen Generator, Fuel cell design VII-The HHO Generator. All components were supported on an iron table. A load carrying variable capacity upto 650watts was used to test the apparatus. The generator was run on petrol to maintain the stability. After the generator stabilization, started the HHO cell filled with electrolyte. The different electrolytes used were the potassium hydroxide 1M, potassium chloride 1M, sodium hydroxide 1M and sodium chloride 1M. The performances of single cell and double cells setups with the use of different electrolytes were studied. The efficiency of the system was determined in terms of fuel saving. The single cell saves fuel upto 35% whereas the double cell setup gave the remarkable saving of 40% to 45%. The waste product of this combustion process is generation of water. A less mediator plant microbial fuel cell was designed for comparative analysis, power density of two different electrodes; Nickel and Graphite was tested against different local salt marsh grass species Sporobolas arabicus and Cynodon dactylon. Both electrodes generated the power density of 23 mW/m2 and 10.7 mW/m2 respectively without using feed solution. In other experiments using feed solution, the power output was also recorded during the period of two months. The maximum power density was recorded as 120 mW/m2 and 58mW/m2 respectively from S.arabicus and C. dactylon species. Graphite proved best electrode material as compared to Nickel for production of electricity.
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Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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