رام بابو سکینہ
افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ مہینہ اردو زبان کے مشہور محسن اور نامور مصنف رام بابو سکسینہ بھی ہم سے جدا ہوگئے۔ ابھی گزشتہ ہی مہینہ ۹؍ دسمبر کو ان سے ہندوستانی اکیڈمی کے جلسہ میں ملاقات ہوئی تھی، کیا معلوم تھا کہ یہ آخری ملاقات ہے، ان کو اردو زبان کی خدمت سے عشق تھا اور اس کو انھوں نے زندگی کا مشغلہ بنالیا تھا اور اردو زبان و ادب کی تاریخ پر بڑی قابل قدر کتابیں لکھیں۔ ان میں تاریخ ادب اردو بہت مشہور اور اس موضوع پر پہلی جامع و محققانہ کتاب ہے، اب اردو کے مختلف پہلوؤں پر بہت سی کتابیں لکھی جاچکی ہیں، مگر اس کتاب کی اولیت اپنی جگہ پر قائم ہے، اردو کے یورپین شعراء کا ایک ضخیم اور محققانہ تذکرہ بھی عرصہ ہوا لکھا تھا، ابھی تھوڑے ہی دن ہوئے قدیم شعراء کا ایک مرقع اور میر کی مثنویاں بخط میر شائع کی تھیں، ان کے علاوہ ان کی اور تصانیف بھی ہیں، جو ابھی شائع نہیں ہوسکی ہیں، اردو کی ایسی خدمت کی مثالیں اس دور میں کم ملیں گی، ابھی ہندوستانی اکیڈمی کے جلسہ میں جہاں پورا ماحول اردو کا مخالف تھا۔ اس کی صریح حمایت میں تنہا ان ہی کی آواز بلند ہوئی تھی، ہندوستان کی موجودہ فضا کو دیکھتے ہوئے ہندوؤں میں آئندہ اردو کے ایسے شیدائی پیدا ہونے کی امید کم ہے۔
یادگار زمانہ تھے یہ لوگ
سن رکھو تم فسانہ تھے یہ لوگ
(شاہ معین الدین ندوی،جنوری ۱۹۵۸ء)
Allah Almighty sent the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) with the message of Islam to take the humankind out of darkness into the light guidance. Translation plays an effective role to disseminate the divine message and the teaching of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) to the humankind in various languages. Translating Seerah Nabviah is a challenging job. Only those scholars who have sufficient knowledge about the terminologies relating to hadith studies in addition to other translation skills can carry out the translating process for Hadith’s text. This research paper primarily discusses the importance of translation to disseminate the teachings of Seerah Nabviah to the humankind. It also focuses on the answer of the question about the legitimacy of the translation of Seerah Nabviah through some arguments based on the Quranic verses, Hadiths and Juristic laws. In addition to that, it highlights various challenges and problems facing translators while translating the text of Hadith. It also deliberates some rules and mechanisms to deal with these challenges indicating tosome adequate solutions for rendering the text of Hadith. It mentions some reasons that cause occurring mistakes while translating the text of Hadith. It contains some recommendations and suggestions by mentioning some mechanisms at individual and collective level for taking initiatives towards the translating process for Hadith’s text.
Biodiesel is one of the renewable and eco-friendly fuels which can alleviate the concerns associated with fossil such as fluctuating prices and disastrous effects on the environment including global warming. The biofuel is usually produced from transesterification of vegetable oils and consists of alkyl esters. The chemical method of producing biodiesel has several drawbacks while the use of edible vegetable oils for biodiesel raises several concerns such as food vs. fuel crisis. The current work investigated biodiesel production from non-edible Salvadora persica seed oil (SPSO) and crude coconut oil (CCO) catalyzed by Burkholderia cepacia lipase in a solvent-free system. The biodiesel yield produced from these feedstock was compared and the effect of acyl acceptor (ethanol) in different ratios on biofuel production was determined. The fatty acid composition of SPSO and CCO was determined through gas chromatography and their average molecular weight was calculated. Different molar ratios of oil and ethanol were employed in transesterification for biodiesel production at 50?C, 7.0 pH with 50 mg lipase. Thin layer chromatography of oils and biodiesel samples was performed while the percentage yield was determined through gas chromatography. The results showed that medium chain fatty acids make up to 53.88% and 76.89% of the fatty acid content of SPSO and CCO respectively. Both are good candidates for enzymatic transesterification to produce medium chain biodiesel. The species of Salvadora persica (Pilu) has potential of a biodiesel crop. The average molecular weight was calculated as 749.53 g/mol for SPSO and 664.57 g/mol for CCO. Maximum biodiesel yield (around 70%) was obtained at 1:4 oil to ethanol molar ratio from both oils followed by a gradual decline at higher ratios. The gas chromatographic analysis of Salvadora biodiesel at 1:4 molar ratio showed that the yield of individual esters was mostly of medium and long chain fatty acids. In contrast the analysis of coconut biodiesel revealed that it consists mainly of the esters of medium chain fatty acids. Burkholderia cepacia lipase is a promising biocatalyst for production of biodiesel from SPSO and CCO provided the right conditions including optimum oil to ethanol molar ratio. Since free lipase was used in this study, stable yields of biodiesel as well as of individual fatty acid ethyl esters would have been achieved if any form of immobilized lipase would have been used.