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طارق رحمٰن، ڈاکٹر:...
Fasl and Wasl are the burning topics of ‘ilm ul-Bayan (Arabic Rhetoric) alongside it is very initial element which brings structure, beautification, embellishment and improvement. Many Arab scholars, in particular, Arab pioneer Rhetoricians had discussed and still have been discussing as well as discoursing Fasl and Wasl related matters. They put their all attention deeply to both of them in the discoursing of Qur’an structure. The utmost susceptible scholar Abu Bakr Abd al-Qahir bin ‘Abd arRahman bin Muhammad al-Jurjanī, the figurative personality, who first time in the history had discussed Fasl and Wasl based structures in his two prolific books; Asrar al-Balaghah (The Secrets of Elucidation) and Dala'il al-I’jaz (Intimations of Inimitability) theoretically and practically. Later on it was developed by Abu alQasim Mahmud bin ‘Umar al-Zamakhshari as he applied both theories to his commentary on Holy Qur’an known as “Al-Kashshaaf (the Revealer)”. The following research attempts all fruitful efforts spent by scholars having different ethics. It brings arguments towards where it is required, bringing out a short comparison between contemporary and classical Fasl and Wasl based perceptions resulting in what the scholar thinks in person.
Classroom incivility is any action that interferes with a harmonious and cooperative learning atmosphere in
the classroom. The present study focused to investigate and compare classroom incivilities in male and female
college students in public and private institutions. The study also identified strategies used by the teachers to
control classroom incivilities.
The study was quantitative in nature. Survey method was used for collecting data. All the students and
teachers of Bachelor level at District Attock comprised the population of the study. The total population of
students at Bachelor level was 3362 and teachers’ population was 264. The sample consisted of 672 students
and 132 teachers. Two questionnaires were developed by the researcher to collect data from students and
teachers. Percentage, mean, standard deviation and t-test were used to analyze data by using SPSS. Data was
presented in tables and graphs.
It is concluded that in the light of the teacher's and students’ opinion, there was a difference found in the
behaviours of male and female teachers and students, as female teachers and students were more involved in
classroom incivilities as compared to male teachers and students. In the light of institution-wise comparison
of teachers’ behaviours public and private colleges have no significant difference. In the light of student
opinion institution wise comparison of teachers’ behaviours, there was a significant difference as public
college teachers were more involved in classroom incivilities as compared to private colleges’ teachers. It is
recommended to provide classroom management training and practical strategies to deal with classroom
incivilities.