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عبداﷲ عباس ندوی

آہ! مولانا عبداﷲ عباس ندوی مرحوم
۱۰؍ دسمبر کے ’’تعمیر حیات‘‘ سے معلوم ہوا کہ مولانا عبداﷲ عباس ندوی اب روبہ صحت ہیں، اسی شمارے میں پروفیسر عبدالحلیم ندوی مرحوم کے متعلق خود مولانا کا ایک تعزیتی مضمون بھی نظر سے گزرا جس میں انہوں نے لکھا کہ پروفیسر مرحوم ان سے ایک سال سینئر اور مولانا معین اﷲ ندوی کے ہم درس تھے، ساتھ میں مولانا ظہور پرتاب گڑھی، مولانا عبدالغفار ندوی اور مولانا ابوالعرفان خاں ندوی بھی تھے، ان احباب کو یاد کرتے ہوئے لکھا کہ اب شائد ہی کوئی اس گروہ میں باقی رہا ہو، جو زندہ ہیں وہ کشتہ تیغ حیات ہیں، ان سطروں کو پڑھتے وقت کیا خبر تھی کہ کشتگان تیغ اجل کی مرثیہ خوانی کرنے والے کا ماتم اس قدر جلد کیا جائے گا، مولانا عرصے سے بیمار تھے اور ایک دن مخدوم گرامی مولانا تقی الدین ندوی کے فون سے معلوم ہوا کہ اب حالت بڑی تشویش ناک ہے، دو روز بعد وہ جنوری کے اخباروں میں ان کی وفات کی خبر آگئی اور اس طرح قریب اسّی (۸۰) سال پر محیط ایک اہل دل، صاحب اخلاص، دیدہ ور اور دردمند انسان کی داستان مکمل ہوگئی، اِناﷲ وَاِنا اِلیہ رَاجِعونْ۔
پھلواری شریف ان کا مولد ہے، ابتدائی تعلیم کے بعدوہ ندوے آگئے، جہاں مولانا سید ابوالحسن علی ندوی اور شاہ حلیم عطا جیسے اکابر کی سرپرستی اور مولانا سید سلیمان ندوی کی توجہات نے ان کے مستقبل کی راہوں اور منزلوں کو متعین کردیا، فراغت کے بعد ندوے میں قرآن مجید اور لغت قرآن کریم کی تعلیم و تدریس سے ان کے علمی سفر کا آغاز ہوا، بعد میں وہ ندوے کے ادیب اول ہوئے، برطانیہ میں لیڈس یونیورسٹی سے لسانیات میں پی ایچ ڈی کی سند حاصل کی، سعودی عرب میں نشریات کے ادارے سے وابستہ ہوئے، رابطہ...

Educational Philosophy Imam Al-Ghazali’s Perspective

Islam is a divine religion. It is based on divine revelation (Holy Quran) and sunnah of the Holy Prophet ﷺ. As a religion it is a complete code of life. It does not deal with worships only but addresses all fields of life. Like Beliefs and worship, Islam focuses on education also. As a last and chosen religion, it motivates human beings to seek knowledge. The first word of the first revelation (Chapter Al-alaq) starts with Iqra means Read. In first five ayat of chapter Al-alaq, the basic requirement for enhance of education (Read, knowledge and pen) have been mentioned six times. Similarly, the Holy Prophet r took many steps for imparting education. In this connection, the example of first residential university (Suffa’h) is sufficient. Imam Ghazali one of the most famous Muslim thinkers discusses the education in his books in detail. He was born in 448 AH (1057 CE) at Tabaran a town in the district of Tus, which lies within the Khorasan Province of Iran and died on 18 December (1111 CE). In this article knowledge, its classification, stages, curriculum, art of teaching, responsibility of both teachers as well as students have been discussed in the light of Imam Ghazali educational philosophy.

Impact of Bt and Non-Bt Cotton on Insect Biodiversity

The undertaken project “Impact of Bt and non-Bt cotton on insect biodiversity” was carried out for two cotton seasons, 2006-07, which included the survey and experimentations. The survey study was conducted to know the farmers’ perception of insect pests and pest management practices in Bt cotton. The experimentations were consisted the field and laboratory experiments. The field experiments were conducted to determine the impact of transgenic Bt cotton on the target and non-target insect community in replicated field trails under sprayed and unsprayed conditions, in comparisons with its parent non-Bt conventional cotton. The laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of Bt toxin on the biological traits (larval mortality, larval development time and pupal weight) of Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera exigua by feeding larvae on the leaves and flower-bolls of Bt and non-Bt cotton. The results revealed that transgenic Bt cotton (IR-FH-901), containing Cry1Ac proved to be highly effective against specific lepidopterous pests and the susceptibility of target pests was in the order of american bollworm> spotted bollworm> pink bollworm >armyworm. The pooled data of all observations showed significantly lower population of bollworm complex (american, spotted and pink bollworms) in Bt cotton. Bt cotton proved not to be so effective against armyworm but some sub-lethal effects have been observed in term of increased larval development time and reduction in pupal weight. It was not effective against sucking insect pests and average 3-4 insecticide applications were used to control these pests in sprayed plots of Bt and non-Bt cotton. The diversities of non-target insect community and sub-communities (pests, beneficials, pollinators and visitors) as measured by Shannon-Weaver diversity index showed no significant differences in species abundance, richness, diversity and evenness in the unsprayed Bt and non-Bt cotton during two successive years. But the differences were found between sprayed and unsprayed plots. The higher diversity indices in insecticide treated plots suggest that insecticide sprays had a significant impact in eliminating the rare species and hence increased the diversity due to higher evenness among the species. The reduced insecticide use in Bt cotton increased the stability of rare species and have a positive impact on beneficial insect community. The seed treatment in transgenic Bt cotton proved to be very effective in controlling sucking insect pests complex during early stages of crop. Although, Bt cotton significantly reduced the use of insecticides against bollworms, but farmers still relied heavily on the chemicals to control these pests, as they were not sure of its effectiveness against target pests, because, they were easily convinced by the commercial advertisements of pesticide companies. The results revealed that the judicious use of insecticides in Bt cotton at economic threshold level was provided the salubrious conditions for beneficial insects conservation. The efficacy of Bt insecticidal protein in different plant parts was in the order of leaves>flower-bolls. The increased larval population in Bt cotton at later stages of crop indicated spatial and temporal variation of Cry1Ac toxin expression. The studies highlight that researchers, technology providers and administrators should ensure the effective and highest level of Bt toxin expression in appropriate plant parts at the requisite time, particularly late in the season.
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