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چوتھا باب: کتب مقدسہ
تنخ
باب چہارم کے اہم نکات
- یہودی کتب مقدسہ کا تعارف۔
- مصنفہ و زبانی قانون میں فرق۔
- عبرانی بائیبل اور اس کے تراجم کا تعارف، تاریخ اور اہمیت۔
- مشنا، جیمارا ور تلمود کا تعارف۔
- ہلاخا کی تاریخ و اہمیت۔
- اپاکرفا، مدراش، زوہر اور سیدور کا تعارف۔
دریائے نیل کے کنارے اگنے والے نرسل کی طرح کے پودے سے بنائے گئے کاغذ جسے پیپرس/پپائرس/قرطاس مصری کہا جاتا ہے یا جانوروں کی چمڑی سے بنے کاغذ پر انہیں مختلف ادوار میں مختلف لوگوں نے لکھا۔ ہاتھ سے لکھی جانے والی ان کتب میں کاتبین نئے مشمولات بھی شامل کرتے رہے، مثلاً "کتابِ یسعیاہ" چونکہ تین مختلف ادوار سے متعلق ہے اس لیے کہا جاتا ہے کہ اسے تین مختلف لوگوں نے لکھا ہے۔ زیادہ تر محققین کا خیال ہے کہ تقریبا 400 قبل مسیح تک ان کتب کی تکمیل ہوتی رہی ہے۔[1] ان میں سے بیشتر کتب کی زبان عبرانی ہے جبکہ کچھ کتابیں آرامی زبان میں بھی لکھی گئیں ہیں۔ آرامی ذخیرہ الفاظ میں عبرانی سے ملتی جلتی ہے لیکن گرائمر اور لغوی اعتبار سے مختلف ہے۔۔ جلاوطنی سے پہلے تک یہ کتب...
المذهب الحنفي, نشأته, أطواره, استقراره, كتبه وطبقاته
In this article different era of ╓anaf┘ School of thought is discussed in which it is mentioned that ╓anaf┘ School got the general acceptance among people after the initial three stages of its Origination which lays the foundation of its Evolution and Promotion. First era is known as the era of “ Zahir ul Riw┐yah” renaissance starts from Hazrat Imam Ab┴ ╓an┘fa and moves on up to his disciple Hassan L┴lo’ (204 A.H.). There is no book found under the authorship of Imam Abu Han┘fa but his disciple R┐shid Al Mohammad has written various books. Some famous renowned books under the authorship of Im┐m Muhammad are Al J┐m‘ Alkab┘r (الكبري اجلامع, (Al J┐m‘ Al Sagh┘r (الصغري اجلامع, (Al Siyar Al kab┘r(الكبري السري, (Al Siyar Al Saghir(الصغري السري, (Al Mabs┴t(املبسوط (and Al Ziy┐d┐t(الزايدات.(Second era is known as Mas┐’l-e Naw┐dir. Books like Al-Kais┐niy┐t(كيسانيات َال, (AlH┐r┴niy┐t(اهلارونيات, (Al-Jurj┐niy┐t(رجانيات ُ اجل (and AlRuqiy┐t(ياتَّق َّ الر (are written under the authorship of Imam Muhammad during this era are consists of new topics that are not mentioned in the written books of earlier period.Mutationalscreening of Thalassemia Affected Families in Rahim Yar Khan
Thalassemia is an autosomal recessive blood disorder, and this is the second most abundant genetic disorder, of which 50% of patients are from the Southeast Asian region. Beta-Haemoglobin (HBB) gene carries the mutation, and the alteration in the HBB gene sequence results in the abnormal functioning of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin molecules. This study was conducted on the 20 affected families of Thalassemia after their consent. Blood samples were collected. Then DNA was extracted using a standard organic method with some modifications. Primers for the exonic and intronic region of the HBB gene were designed and amplified following PCR protocol. Amplicons were sequenced for mutation detection using bioinformatic tools. The previous researches show that incorrect intronic and exonic splicing lead the thalassemia to reach at worst condition due to defect in mutation. The Human Splicing Finder (HSF) tool, BLAST tool from NCBI website, and Bioedit software have been used for analyzing the sequence and variations at positions. Five different samples of the HBB gene showed differences in different locations of exon and intron. HBB Exon 1 Sample 1 has intronic change with variation in base change position c269+5 on an amplified fragment from G>C. HBB Exon 1 Sample 2 has exonic change with variation in base change position c185 on an amplified fragment from T>C of nucleotide change, and codon replacement occurs at position CAT>CAC as amino acid p.His does not change. HBB Exon 1 Sample 3 has intronic change with variation in base change position c269+5 on an amplified fragment from G>C. HBB Exon 1 Sample 4 has exonic change with variation in base change position c185 on an amplified fragment from T>C of nucleotide change, and codon replacement occurs at position CAT>CAC as amino acid p.His does not change. HBB Exon 2 Sample 5 has intronic change with variation in base change position c491+16 on an amplified fragment from G>C. Graphical Representation and chromatogram of Potential splice site are showing intronic and exonic variations at the position. G replaces C in samples of intronic variation & T replaces C in samples of exonic variation. Change in sequence alignment is observed at different positions in samples of exons and introns. This study concludes that the change in the HBB gene is observed as well as intronic, and exonic splicing can lead thalassemia from severe to mild.Journals by Discipline
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