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سلطان کھاروی تے ست وارہ

سلطان کھاروی تے ست وارہ

ایہہ پنجابی شاعری دا اک پرانا روپ اے جس وچ  ہفتے دے ست دناں دے ناواں تے شاعری کیتی  جاندی اے۔ جویں بارہ ماہ وچ مہینے دے ناں اتے شاعر اندرلیاں تے باہرلیاں رتاں نوں بیان کردا اے۔ڈاکٹر ونجارا بیدی آکھدے نیں۔

’’ اک پر سدھ لوک کا وروپ ، جس وچ کسے وچار بھاونا تے منوت نوں ہفتے دے ست واراںنوں آدھا ر بنا کے پرگٹ کیتا گیا ہوے۔‘‘(۱)

ایس کوتاوچ عام کرکے شگن تے بدشگن ، وہم تے ہور ایسے طرح دے بھرم ، بندے دے جیون نال جڑے ستوار یاں وچ بیان ہوندے رہے نیں۔ لین دین ، سفر ،پہناوا تے کھان پین تو اڈرتاں دا بدلن وی ستواریاں دا حصہ بنیا۔ لوک شاعری دا پینڈا کرکے ایہہ صنف کلاسیک دا جز بنی تے کلاسیکی شاعراں ایس دے موضوع نوں ہور کھلا ریا تے پیار محبت وچ جدائی دے تے ہجر نوں بیانیا جو ایس کائنات دے بنن پاروںجمیا وحدت دا کثریت وچ کھلرن ہی فراق دا مڈھ اے۔

جمعرات سہاونی،                    دکھ درد نہ آہا باپ

اوہ جامہ ساڈا پہن کے ،          آیا تماشے آپ

اگوں آگئی جمعرات                                 شرابوں گا گر ملی برات

لگ گیا مست پیالہ ہات            مینو بھل گیا ذات صفات

                                                                دیوانی ہو رہی

ایسی زحمت لوک نہ پاون       ملاں گھول تعویذ پلاون

پڑھن عزیمت جن بلاون          سیاں شاہ مدار کھڈاون

                                                                میں چپ ہو رہی      (۲)

کوی نے اپنے ست وارے وچ ہجر دے اثرات نوں انج بیان کیتا اے۔

العلامة شائسته جل و خدماته العلمية الدينية السياسية

This article highlights the religious, literary and political work of Moulana ShÉista Gul famous by the name of Mathe Mulla of Khyber Puktun Khawa (1303 A. H-1401A. H. 1886A. D-1981A. D MardÉn) He was well-known scholar of Qura’n, ×adith and Fiqah, his great contribution was to promote political awareness in the community with the concept ofTwo Nations Theory by his affiliation with Muslim League under the leadership of Quaid-eAÐam Muhammad Ali JinnaÍ. He was the convener of Jamiat ul AÎfia which was organized by the eminent religious leaders of that time to implement Sharia law in Pakistan. He was devoted to make Islam a living reality during his life time, his literary work is aimed to improve human communication and develop a better understanding among the people of this region. His monumental work was originally in Pashto widely spoken and understood in the North West of Pakistan. He was teaching and preaching Islam nearly in a span of seventy years. The main objective was to alleviate the deteriorating conditions of the Muslim society and to defend it from external threats. He emphasized to bring change and correct the wrong believes and detrimental actions. His theological doctrines influenced his followers and decedents who promoted his mission in the light of writings and ideas expressed by him.

Determination of Chlorinated Pesticides and Degradation of Chlorpyrifos in Water by Advanced Oxidation Process

Pesticides contamination is a wide spread source of environmental pollution and a matter of concern all over the world. In recent decades, the use of pesticides for agricultural purposes has steadily increased. Surface and ground water contamination due to extensive use of pesticides is a serious threat to the environment and human health. Pesticides are very toxic compounds causing various diseases. Therefore, in this research work, efforts have been made to determine various chlorinated pesticides contamination in water samples of selected areas of Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa, Pakistan. The determination of 20 chlorinated pesticides have been performed in surface and ground water samples collected from different districts (Peshawar, Mardan, Sawabi and Charsadda) of Khyber Pukhtoon Khawa, Pakistan. A total of 239 water samples (157 surface and 82 ground water samples) were collected from various locations of selected areas. The number of surface water samples, collected from Peshawar, Mardan, Charsadda and Sawabi districts were 59, 42, 30 and 26 samples, respectively. Similarly, 29, 24 and 29 ground water samples were collected from Peshawar, Charsadda and Mardan districts, respectively. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique was used for various pesticides extraction from water samples. Chlorinated pesticides were determined in water samples using SPME coupled with gas chromatography and electron captured detector (SPME-GC-ECD) method. Using this method, the plots of chlorinated pesticides concentrations and peak areas showed good linear correlation with R2 values in the range of 0.9887 to 0.9999. The percent recovery found at 1 μg L-1 and at 2 μg L- 1 concentration of pesticides ranged from 89.9 ± 3.9 % to 106.0 ± 2.3 and 88.5 ± 2.6 to 109.2 ± 2.9 %, respectively. The lower limits of detection for all 20 organochlorine pesticides were found significantly less than their maximum contamination levels. Among the various pesticides analyzed, β-BHC, γ-BHC, heptachlor, aldrin, α- chlordane, endosulfan I, 4,4''-DDE and dieldrin were detected in most of the water samples. However, other pesticides, like heptachlor epoxide, γ-chlordane, endrin, 4,4''-DDD, endrin ketone, 4,4''-DDT, methoxychlor, α-BHC, δ-BHC, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endrin aldehyde and endosulfan sulfate were mostly present in only few water samples in the present investigation. Chlorpyrifos and monocrotophos are very toxic organophosphorous pesticides and have more importance due to their extensive use, large distribution and persistence in the environment. They are very dangerous by all routs of absorbtion, such as inhalation, ingestion and skin contact and producing various diseases. In the present study, the irradiation of chlorpyrifos and monocrotophos in aqueous solution by gamma-rays were investigated on a laboratory scale and their degradation efficiency was studied. The GC-ECD and HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography) were used for analysis of chlorpyrifos and monocrotophos, respectively. Aqueous solutions of different concentrations of chlorpyrifos compound (200–1000 μg L-1) were irradiated to different doses (30–575 Gy). Gamma irradiation showed 100 % degradation efficiency (η) for a 500 μg L-1 solution at an absorbed dose of 575 Gy. The dose rate of source was 300 Gy h -1. The radiolysis kinetics for decay of chlorpyrifos was pseudo-first order. The dose constants determined in this study ranged from 8.2 ´ 10-3 to 2.6 ´ 10-2 Gy−1, and decreased with an increase in the initial concentration of chlorpyrifos. The radiation chemical yield (G-values) for the loss of chlorpyrifos was found to decrease with increasing absorbed dose. The gamma radiation induced decomposition of monocrotophos aqueous solution at various concentrations (60-150 mg L-1) was carried out and its removal efficiency (η) was investigated. At 1200 Gy absorbed dose of gamma irradiation, monocrotophos solution (60 mg L-1) showed 100% degradation. The dose constants investigated in this study ranged from 1.4 ´ 10-3 to 3.0 ´ 10-3 Gy-1. The monocrotophos solution prepared in tap water showed lower degradation than that solution prepared in Milli Q water. The effect of radical scavengers, such as tert-butanol, iso-propanol, H2O2, CO3-2, HCO3-, humic acid, NO3- and NO2- as well as saturation of solutions by N2, N2O or air on the degradation of chlorpyrifos and monocrotophos were also studied. The results showed that the oxidative hydroxyl radical (•OH) was the most important in the degradation of chlorpyrifos and monocrotophos, while the reductive radicals, aqueous electron (e-aq) and hydrogen radical (H•) were of less relative importance for the degradation of these two pesticides. The inorganic by-products of chlorpyrifos (Cl -, SO 4-2 and PO4 -3) and monocrotophos (NO3-, NH4+ and PO4-3) were quantitatively determined by ion chromatography (IC). The organic intermediates of monocrotophos degradation were determined by HPLC/MS and UPLC/MS/MS. A detail mechanism pathway for degradation of monocrotophos by gamma irradiation has been proposed. Keywords: Organochlorine pesticides; Chlorpyrifos; Monocrotophos; Gamma irradiation; SPME-GC-ECD; Advanced oxidation technologies; Ion chromatography; Water decontamination; UPLC/MS/MS; Degradation mechanism.
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