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یونس رضوی

یونس رضوی(۱۹۲۷ء) سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ نے ۱۹۴۹ء میں محکمہ انکم ٹیکس میں ملازمت حاصل کی۔ ۱۹۵۴ء میں فلم انڈسٹری لاہور سے رابطہ قائم کیا۔ آپ نے غزل ،نظم اور دیگر اصناف میں طبع آزمائی کی لیکن فلم انڈسٹری سے منسلک ہونے کی وجہ سے آپ کی زیادہ توجہ گیت نگاری کی طرف تھی۔(۷۵۵) ان کا شعری کلام ملک کے مختلف رسائل و جرائد میں چھپتا رہا۔ ایک شعری مجموعہ ’’میرے آنسو میرے گیت‘‘ ،زمزمہ پرنٹنگ پریس سیالکوٹ سے ۱۹۷۶ء میں شائع ہوا۔

یونس نے اردو شاعری میں کوئی نئی اور انوکھی راہیں دریافت نہیں کیں ۔بلکہ وہ اپنی شاعری میں روایت پسندنظر آتے ہیں۔ ان کی شاعری غم و اندوہ کی شاعری ہے۔ مگر ان کے ہر شعر کے پردے میں ایک ایسی چھپی ہوئی مضبوط انا کا وجود ملتا ہے۔ جو حوادث کی ستمرانیوں سے کبھی زخمی نہیں ہوتی۔ اور زندگی کا ہر آنے والا زخم انھیں پہلے سے کہیں زیادہ حوصلہ مند اوربا وقار بنا دیتا ہے۔

یونس رضوی کا نمونہ کلام ملاحظہ ہو:

شبِ سیاہ مکمل شبِ سیاہ نہ تھی

 

تمہاری زلف کا سایہ بھی اس میں ڈالا گیا

 

بساطِ عشق کی بازی تمام ہار گئے

 

مذاقِ عشق ہمارا بلند و بالا گیا

(۷۵۶)

 

غم زمانے کا متاع جسم و جاں تک آگیا

 

آگ کا شعلہ لپک کر آشیاں تک آگیا

 

کٹ تو جائیں گے شب و روز فراق ان کے بغیر

 

دکھ یہی ہے کہ رونق شام و سحر جاتی رہی

(۷۵۷)

 

گردش دوراں کے ہاتھوں اس قدر مجبور ہوں

 

زندگی کی ہر مسرت سے میں کوسوں دور ہوں

(۷۵۸)

۷۵۶۔یونس رضوی ،’’ میرے گیت میر ے آنسو‘‘،ص: ۵۱

۷۵۷۔ایضاً،ص:۴۱،۴۲

۷۵۸۔ایضاً،ص:۴۸

Situation Analysis of Nation Building Efforts in Sri Lanka: From Early Years of Independence to Contemporary Days

Despite the smooth transition of power from the British colonists to the Sri Lankan Sinhalese in 1949, Sri Lanka inherited considerable challenges. After the culmination of the civil war, from 1983 to 2009, Sri Lanka confronted numerous obstacles in the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the country. Drawing from Birch’s model of national integration, this study attempts to examine the diverse political, economic, and social challenges facing Sri Lanka. The review shows that Sri Lanka needs critical nation building in the following areas: (i) Infrastructural development; (ii) Resettlements and rehabilitation of displaced populations; (iii) Ethnic and religious integration; (iv) Equality in political representation; (v) Educational and employment policies; (vi) Gender equality policies; and (vii) Mental health interventions for children and women. The role of international bodies, like the United Nations Human Rights Council, and neighboring countries is key to creating pressure for national integration and growth. There is fear that if national unity is not at the forefront of state and international policy for Sri Lanka, conflict and instability may arise again.

On the Design and Optimization of Next Generation Virutal Lans

Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) provides logical grouping in LANs thatnd many applications. A little research work has been reported for designing optimal VLANs topologies. An optimal VLANs topology for a given network is one of the best topology, among all possible topologies, considering the purpose of VLANs implementation. Here we propose the idea of Next Generation (NGN) VLANs that have the best possible topology implemented in the network. An additional feature of the NGN VLANs is that it allows runtime con guration changes to its topology for coping with the stringent requirements of dynamic networks like cloud datacenter, LAN party networks etc. Such a dynamic runtime con guration is not possible with the existing manually con gured VLANs. Since VLANs topology optimization is an NP-complete problem, we therefore proposed both heuristics and metaheuristics approaches for the optimization of NGN VLANs. There can be many goals of the optimization, the example objectives considered in this research work are maximizing tra c localization and enforcing the prede ned group membership policy. First, we proposed a heuristic named simple set-based (SS) algorithm which uses greedy searching for optimizing VLANs topology with the objective of tra c localization. The SS algorithm utilizes the tra c statistics of the network and proposes a grouping layout for the network nodes. In such a layout, nodes exchanging large amount of tra c are consolidated into the same group. A graph-based optimization technique is next proposed fornding strong components which represents a group of nodes extensively communicating with each others. Genetic algorithm (GA) is a well-known nature-inspired metaheuristic tool for solving combinatorial optimization problems. A GA-based solution is proposed for maximizing tra c localization of the VLANs design. The multiobjective version of the problem with the objective of both maximizing tra c localization and enforcing prede ned group membership policy is tackled with state of the art multiobjective optimization algorithms. These algorithms are PAES, SMPSO, OMOPSO, NSGAII, e-NSGAII, NSGAIII, MOEA/D, e-MOEA and GDE3. The order of best algorithms found is SMPSO, MOEA/D and GDE3 respectively. The second feature of NGN VLANs i.e. allowing runtime con guration of its topology is employed with software-de ned networking (SDN). First, a detailed review is carried out to identify the functionality overlap between SDN and VLANs as both technologies has some features in common. With Floodlight SDN controller, we are able to make runtime con guration changes to VLANs, both in an emulated and in real SDN testbed. The proposed framework for runtime con guration of VLANs is customized for maximizing the tra c localization where it reacts to continuous spikes in the inter-VLANs tra c. Itnds an updated VLANs topology that can better localize the current tra c trends. The recon- guration of the VLANs topology is carried out in matter of seconds without producing any disruption in the ongoing communication sessions in the network. With NGN VLANs, the network administrator will be able to decide an optimized VLANs structure thus maximizing the bene ts of VLANs implementation. With runtime con guration feature, clouds applications will be able to utilize existing legacy VLANs capable switches thus saving capital investment in the existing infrastructure.
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