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استفہام کے معانی و مفاہیم

استفہام کے معانی و مفاہیم

لفظ استفہام باب فہم یفہم کے وز ن استفعال کا مصدر ہے، جس کے لغوی معنیٰ’’دریافت کرنا، سمجھنے کی خواہش کرنا،پوچھناَ ہیں۔[[1]]

ابن منظور افریقی لفظ استفہام سے متعلق لکھتے ہیں:

 استفہام سے مراد "کسی چیز کو سمجھنا اور سمجھانا ہے۔"[[2]]

اصطلاح میں استفہام سے مراد ہے کہ:

"نا معلوم چیز کو ادوات استفہام سے جاننے کی کوشش کرنا"۔[[3]]



 [[1]]     فیروز الدین مولوی،فیروز اللغات،فیروزسنز، لاہور، ۴ ۲۰۱ء،ص۹۱۔

 [[2]]     افریقی ،ابن منظور ،محمد بن مکرم ،مکتبہ دار صادر،بیروت، ۲۰۱۰ء، مادة ف ه م۔

 [[3]]     ابن فارس،احمد بن فارس بن زکریا الرازی، الصاحبى فى فقه اللغة العربية ومسائلھا وسنن العرب فی کلامھا،تحقیق: ڈاکٹر مصطفیٰ الشواعی،دارالکتب العلمیہ،بیروت،۱۹۶۴ء، ص۱۸۱۔

Majmu’ Hadits Integrasi Ilmu dan Islamisasi Digital Majmu' Hadith Integration of Science and Digital Islamization

Sains (ilmu pengetahuan) merupakan sesuatu yang penting dalam agama Islam. Integrasi sains dan agama berarti berupaya untuk memadukan antara sains dan agama, tak harus berarti menyatukan atau bahkan mencampuradukan, karena identitas atau watak dari masing-masing kedua entitas itu tak mesti hilang dan harus tetap dipertahankan. Dalam paradigma Islam, integrasi antara agama dan sains adalah sesuatu yang mungkin adanya, karena didasarkan pada gagasan ke-Esa-an (tauhid). Sudah saatnya, sains dan agama harus menghadirkan kesadaran yang muncul lewat pandangan-pandangan yang lebih harmonis, holistik, dan komprehensif. Alat digital merupakan salah satu medium terbaik untuk tujuan tersebut. Artikel ini merangkum bagaimana Integrasi Ilmu dan Islamisasi Digital menciptakan ruang bagi umat Islam untuk menggabungkan spiritualitas dengan teknologi, menghasilkan dampak positif dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan. Dengan mengambil langkah-langkah menuju integrasi ini, umat Islam dapat menjaga identitas keagamaan mereka sambil tetap berkontribusi dalam era digital yang terus berkembang.

Immunohistochemical P21 Expression in Breast Cancer: Association With Patient and Tumour Characteristics

Introduction: Molecular characterisation of the breast cancer has allowed for targeted therapies that are improving outcomes. The gains achieved by these treatments have fuelled the search for other targets, including cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors such as p21. p21 expression in breast cancer has been shown to be variably associated with clinical and pathological parameters in different populations. It is possible that either methodological or biological differences underlie these variations. Objective: The current study sought to determine the association of p21 expression and clinico-pathological parameters in breast cancer patients at the Aga Khan University Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya. Methods: Clinically annotated tissue samples were obtained in a consecutive fashion. Specimen were immunohistochemically stained for p21 expression with clinicopathological data extracted for corresponding cases. p21 expression was assessed against age, parity, menopausal status, body mass index, hormonal receptor status, tumour size and grade. Distribution of mean p21 score was assessed for normality and data were analysed using Kruskall-Wallis test, chi-square and Fisher's exact test at an alpha level of 0.05. They were presented in form of tables, charts and photomicrographs. Results: Ninety-eight cases were included in the study. Mean age was 47.55 years with mean parity 2.96 live births. A slight majority of patients were pre-menopausal (56.3% versus 42.5%). Average body-mass index was 29.69 kilograms per square metre. Majority of patients had invasive ductal carcinoma (87.6%) that was moderate-to-high grade (92.7%), 2 centimetres or larger (95%), with lymphovascular invasion (70.4%), and vi hormone-receptor positive. Mean expression of p21 at 1:100 dilution was approximately 20% was statistically significant with tumour size. Conclusion: The findings of the current study demonstrate a possible association of p21 expression with tumour size. The demonstration of a trend towards p21 loss with increasing body mass index may benefit from exploration with a larger dataset.
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