Search from the Journals, Articles, and Headings
Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

المبحث السادس: الغزل وبروين شاکر

المبحث السادس: الغزل وبروين شاکر

 بروین شاکر التي لھا المکانۃ والمنزلۃ المرموقۃ في ساحۃ الأدب والشعر فھي حاولت بقدر ما تستطیع أن تکون لنفسھا مکاناً في میدان الغزل والمنظومات۔۔ وخاصۃ بوجود فھمیدۃ ریاض التي تم التعرف علیھا والشاعرۃ کشور ناھید، فکان وجودھا فخراً وعزۃ للمجتمع الباکستاني وکان یحتاج الکثیر من الجھد من شاعرتنا بروین شاکر حتی تکون لنفسھا مکانۃ وتعطي لمکانتھا الحق اللائق بما یُناسب شخصیتھا وشرفھا۔

کشور ناهيد

 ولدت ھذہ الشاعرۃ المعروفۃ في الھند في 3 فبرایر في عام 1940م فھي تتحدث في أشعارھا عن المرأۃ وما تلاقي من مظالم۔ فکانت تتناول المرأۃ الباکستانیۃ خاصۃ والمرأۃ الأخریٰ عامۃً، ولھا الأعمال الشعریۃ الرائعۃ في الغزل والمنظومات، ولھا الدواوین والمجموعات الشعریۃ الممتازۃ۔ والشاعرۃ پروین شاکر علی نمط شعرائنا المعروفین وخاصۃ الشعر الرومانسي والعاطفي، ومن أھم شعراء الغزل الرومانسي أختر شیراني، فیض، فراز، ساحر لدھیانوي وپروین شاکر۔

دعونا نتعرف علی هؤلاء الشخصيات

أختر شيراني

 شاعر الأردو، محمد داود خان ولد في عائلۃ(راجبوت) عاش في لاھور، وکان والدہ البروفیسور محمود شیرانی أستاذ اللغۃ الفارسیۃ في أحد ثانویات لاھور وُلد أختر شیراني في 1905م وتوفي فی عام 1948م۔

أحمد فراز

ولد في 4 ینایر 9131م وتوفي في 25 أغسطس في 2008 وقد حصل علی المجستیر في اللغۃ الأردیہ والفارسیۃ، وحصل علی الجائزۃ في (آدم جي ادبي ایوارڈ) عام 1988م، وعلی جائزۃ أخری عام 1990م وقد اشتمل النصاب التعلیمي علی بعض أعمالہ الأدبیۃ في جامعۃ (علی گڑھ) وجامعۃ (بشاور)۔

فيض أحمد فيض

 وھذہ الشخصیۃ المعروفۃ لھا المکانۃ في الساحۃ الأدبیۃ والشعر بعد الإقبال [1]في الشعر الأردو، وقد ولد قبل قيام الباکستان عام 1911م في مدینۃ (سیالکوت) في بیت عزِ وشرفٍ، وحصل...

Impact of ‘Open Data’ and its Effectiveness forPakistan Social Issues: Learning fromthe UK Experience

Developmental projects are essential ingredients of prosperity and well-being. Every nation has to ensure that her people are living in a perfect and safe sociopolitical environment. However, it varies from region to region and place to place. UK as a country is a big economy which is capable of giving its people the type of security they need. For this purpose, various types of strategies have been emphasized which enable the government to look for the benefit of its people. Open data system is one of these important developments which have been initiated by the UK government to provide huge access to databases. It improves their learning and knowledge, and gives the opportunity to think ‘out of box’. It also enables people to polish their learning skills and take things out of their resources and utilize them fully. Although, there is some compulsion on the use of private data sources, yet it is necessary to know that not all data are confidential. The research looks into the pros and cons of using open data systems and to assess its impacts on the social and political development in UK. The use of open data system is not only beneficial for the people to perform their daily life tasks, it is important to evade corruption and foster great accountability of national institutions. So, there remains feeble chance of witnessing corruption in the society that could cause chaos in the nation. The use of open data systems is important for boosting up innovation and creativity for a developing country like Pakistan. Open data system has been seen playing a big part in establishing a trend of innovative growth pushed by the availability of these resources. The influence and impact of ‘Open Data’ has largely been observed during the recent Coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) where the government has utilized the data to tackle the disease in Pakistan.

The Role of Credit Rating Agencies in the European Financial Markets

This thesis investigates the role of Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) in European financial markets. Traditional activities of CRAs include information supply, certification, and monitoring services for corporations and rating sovereign debt. Any change in the opinion of CRAs on the sovereign debt has strong implications on the financial markets and the real economy. This thesis contributes to literature by investigating: (i) the effect of sovereign rating and outlook changes on the shape of the sovereign yield curve; (ii) the impact of sovereign rating and outlook changes on stock markets at different levels of business cycle; (iii) the effect of financial liberalization on the growth in sovereign ratings; and (iv) the impact of sovereign rating and outlook instability on the access to credit by firms.In order to properly investigate these research questions, we employ a variety of pertinent statistical and econometric tools as required in every chapter. These techniques include but are not limited to state space modelling, vector autoregressions, maximum likelihood estimations, Kalman filter approach, generalized method of moments, and limited dependent variable methods. Findings of this thesis reveal, inter alia, that sovereign rating and outlook announcements play an important “confirmation role” in the financial markets; however, the extent of the effect depends on the announcement type, CRA specificity, kind of market and country characteristics. Specifically, the second chapter shows a significant effect of rating downgrades and an insignificant effect of rating upgrades on the sovereign yield curve; however, we observe mixed results for the effect of changes in outlook status of a sovereign country. The third chapter identifies that stock markets react more negatively to rating downgrades in recovery phases and more positively to rating upgrades in the contractionary period. However, we do not find any evidence of a pro-cyclical effect of sovereign rating and outlook change on stock returns. The fourth chapter indicates a positive impact of financial liberalization on sovereign ratings, and we show that we cannot reject the hypothesis that financial stability is iv independent of financial liberalization. Moreover, we show in this chapter that sovereign ratings tend to be stable and persistent, otherwise. The fifth chapter suggests a significant negative effect of sovereign rating and outlook instability on the access to credit by firms. The last chapter concludes the thesis with implications of these findings for understanding the role of rating agencies in financial markets, policymaking, designing regulations and for investors and firm owners, both in developing and developed economies
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.