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111. Al-Masad/Twisted strands

111. Al-Masad/Twisted strands

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

111:01
a. Doomed be the hands of Abu Lahab,
b. and doomed he be!

111:02
a. Neither his wealth be of any benefit to him,
b. nor his earnings be against Allah’s Wrath.

111:03
a. In the Hereafter, he will definitely be flung into Fire of Blazing Flames.

111:04
a. And with him, his wife will enter the Fire as well,
b. as she was a carrier of firewood and thorn branches and of evil tales and slander The Prophet.

111:05
a. She will have twisted strands of palm-fiber around her neck.

فقہی احکام کے استنباط میں علت کا کردار

The Quran is the complete code of life and the fountainhead of guidance for all peoples till the last Day. When the Quran itself does not speak directly or in detail about a certain subject, Muslims only then turn to alternative sources of Islamic Law is this way the companions of the Prophet Muhammad (BPUH) would asking Him when they were not able to find a specific legal ruling in the Quran in spite they were Arabians. With the passage of time slowly gradually new issues and problems are to be faced by peoples in different times. Sometimes the companions & the followers not only salved those issues & problems in the light of Quran & Sunnah, but also played a significant role in such cases. To find the solution of any problem in the light of primary sources of Islam is called Etiology. Etiology has a significant role in the Sharia’s sources of analogy. To illustrate this, analogical reasoning can be viewed in this article.

Genetic Response of Citrus Rootstocks Against Selected Abiotic Stresses

Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period. Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes and effect in number of ways. Pakistan has long spells of drought which, experts believe, are a result of climate change. Citrus fruits are one of the largest fruit crops in the world. In Pakistan ample availability of natural resources provides the favorable regime for the development of citrus industry. Citrus problem faces several problems including biotic and abiotic stresses. Role of rootstocks in citrus is one of the most debatable and discussed issues and its selection is a major consideration under planning any citrus orchard. Present research was planned for genetic characterization and evaluation of modern rootstocks tolerant/resistant to selected abiotic stresses i.e., drought and high temperature. Experiments were conducted to screen out various modern citrus rootstocks including local commercial rootstocks (Rough lemon and Sour orange) against high temperature and water stress. Drought was induced based on field capacity of citrus rootstock relative to water requirement of citrus, high temperature stress was applied with relative to five years maximum temperature range. Four-month-old uniform seedlings were selected for the stress treatments. Gas exchange parameters were recorded at four different times. Horticultural parameters, plant water status and chlorophyll fluorescence at different wavelength was recorded of stresses. From overall results it was concluded that Brazilian sour orange and Keen sour orange showed tolerance against selected stresses and Savage citrange and Yuma citrange were susceptible against the stresses. For the confirmation of tolerance, expression of stress related genes was tested. Proper detailed bioinformatic analysis were performed for the selection of primer related to heat shock protein and major intrinsic proteins. One tolerant (Brazilian sour orange) and one susceptible (Savage citrange) was selected for the genetic expression analysis against the heat shock proteins (CsHsp70, CsHsp70.1 and CsHsp90) and major intrinsic proteins (CsPIP2, CsTIP2 and CsTIP1). Genetic expression of genes showed Brazilian sour orange with high expression level of Hsp70 and Hsp90 against the temperature stress. MIP such as P1P and T1P depicted high expression against the water stress and both Hsp and MIP expression under combined drought and temperature stress. It can be concluded from the study that Brazilian sour orange was tolerant against high temperature and water stress, but Savage orange was susceptible.
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