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ٹریفک کے قوانین

ٹریفک قوانین
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معززصدرو میرے ہم مکتب سا تھیو!
آج مجھے جس موضوع پرلب کشائی کرنی ہے وہ ہے:’’ٹریفک قوانین‘‘
صدرِذی وقار!
قانون، اصول، ضابطہ جیسے الفاظ کا تصور جب دماغ کے در پچوں کو دستک دیتا ہے تو تہذیب وتمدن ، اورمنظم قوم کی ایک تصویر بھی دماغ کے خانوں میں ابھرتی ہوئی محسوس ہوتی ہے، اور اُجلا پن جگہ جگہ دکھائی دینا شروع ہو جا تا ہے۔ کائنات رنگ و بو میں ہر شے کا اپنا اپناضابطہ ہے۔ نظام ِشمسی ہو، نظامِ فلکی ہو ،نظامِ ارضی و سماوی ہو، جملہ نظام ہائے حیات قوانین کے دائرے میں متحرک نظر آتے ہیں۔ کچھ قوانین ایسے ہوتے ہیں جن کو انسان اپنی بقاء کے لیے بناتے ہیں، انہی قوانین میں ٹریفک کے قوانین بھی ہیں۔
صد رِمحترم!
زمین پر حشرات الارض کو دیکھیں تو ان کی اجتماعی حرکت ایک قطار میں نظر آئے گی۔ آسمان کی بلندیوں پرمحوپرواز طائران خوش الحان کی زندگی کا مشاہدہ کریں تو ان کی پرواز بھی کسی قانون اور ضابطے کے تحت ہوگی۔ حدی خواں کے اونٹوں کی قطاریں، بلبل کی چہک، پھول کی مہک ، جگنو کی چمک، ستاروں کی دمک ، سورج کی روشنی، چاند کی چاندنی ، فضاؤں کی سرسراہٹ ، آبشاروں کی گڑگڑاہٹ ، سمندر کا سکوت، دریا کا شور، صبح سہانی ، ندیوں کی روانی یہ جملہ مظاہرِ فطرت کسی نہ کسی ضابطے کے تحت سرگرم عمل ہیں۔
معززصدر!
قوانین انسان کی فلاح کے لیے بنائے جاتے ہیں، انسان کی ترقی مقصود ہوتی ہے، انسان کی زندگی میں حسن پیدا کرنا ہوتا ہے، انسان کونشست و برخاست کا ڈھنگ سکھانا ہوتا ہے، انسان کی گفتار میں شائستگی پیدا کرنا ہوتی ہے۔ انسان کی رفتار میں اعتدال پیدا...

مشاكل اللغة العربية في نيجيريا

The Arabic language faces many hurdles in its expansion and progress in the non-Arab world internationally. This time our focus is the multi-lingual community Nigeria. Nigeria is a country of languages, where there are hordes of mother tongues (dialects) , an official language and then there is a religious language as well. It is very tough to focus on the Arabic language in this myriad of languages though; it enjoys a historic status and prestige there. A few reasons for this lack of focus on Arabic language Nigeria are as follow: 1. The British colonialism and its treacherous role to downplay the Arabic language. 2. To segregate Arabic from Muslim Ummah in Nigeria, the colonialists thus promoted English and French as official administrative languages. 3. Dearth of text books in Arabic at primary and secondary level. Moreover there are no well equipped language laboratories to develop Arabic in Nigeria. 4. The stranded economic state of the country. 5. The scarcity of Arabic press houses in Nigeria and lack of interest in the Arabic language by the general public. A few suggestions to promulgate and develop the Arabic language in Nigeria are as follow: a. Students’ attention needs to be drawn towards the Arabic language as a modern and rich language. For this all the available resources need to be exhausted. b. The Arabic language centres should be developed where proficient teachers should teach Arabic. The present faculty for Arabic should do refresher courses in Arabic to enhance their capabilities. c. The availability of Arabic text books to cater the various levels of the students is made possible. A committee should monitor the overall process and progress of Arabic language in Nigeria. d. The Nigerian government should play an active role in the development and progress of the Arabic language in Nigeria

Comparative Phenotypic Characterization, Performance and Antibody Response in Naked Neck Chicken

The study was executed to compare, characterize and evaluate the growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat composition, phenotypic characterization, morphometric measurements, egg production, egg characteristics and hatching traits in four different phenotypes (black, white black, light brown and dark brown) of Naked-Neck chicken located in Pakistan. This study comprised of two major experiments. In first experiment, a total of 320 sexed day old chicks (160♂, 160♀) comprising 80 from each phenotype, were randomly assigned to 8 treatment groups, in a 2 (Sexes) × 4 (Phenotypes) factorial arrangement under completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated 5 times with 8 birds in each. Live weight (g), time of gains(g), total gain(g), feed intake(g), feed conversion ratio and livability% were evaluated at the age of 8 weeks. The data were analyzed by using ANOVA technique under completely randomized design (CRD). The results showed significantly higher live weight, total gain and better FCR in light and dark brown phenotypes, whereas time of gains was found to be higher in dark brown. Feed intake and livability remained similar in all phenotypes. Keel length and shank circumference measurements were higher in dark brown whereas wing spread was greater in light brown phenotype. Drumstick circumference and body length were same in all phenotypes. Phenotypic characterization was done at the age of 20th week and based on head appearance, comb type, wattle size, plumage pattern, shank color, spurs prevalence and number of toes and were analyzed in terms of frequency and percentages. The results showed that males and females of all phenotypes had plain head and single comb. Wattle size was medium in females while highly developed in males. Over all plain feather pattern was most frequent on breast, wing bow, wing bar, wing bay, saddle and tail followed by stippled, penciled and laced. Males had most frequent yellow shanks followed by grey, off-white and green; however, females had maximum grey shank color followed by yellow, green and off white. White black, light and dark brown phenotypes expressed maximum yellow shank coloration whereas grey shanks were most frequent in black birds. However, morphometric characterization was based on Neck length (cm), keel length (cm), wing span (cm), shank length (cm), shank circumference (cm), drum stick length (cm), drum stick circumference (cm) and body length. The results showed significantly higher morphometric measurements in males than females. Light and dark brown phenotypes had higher measuring values of quantitative traits than those of black and white black. All males and females of different phenotypes possessed four toes, normal spurs and tuft feathers on the ventral portion of the Neck above crop. Regarding carcass characteristics, live weight (g), dressing%, liver weight%, gizzard weight%, heart weight%, intestinal weight%, intestinal length (cm) and antibody response against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were studied. The results showed significantly higher live weight (g), dressing%, liver weight% and intestinal length (cm) in males whereas gizzard weight% and intestinal weight% was found to be greater in females. Among different phenotypes, light brown plumage color birds indicated significantly higher live weight (g) and dressing% whereas black plumage color birds showed higher intestinal weight%. Antibody response was significantly higher in females as compared to male birds. Among different phenotypes light and dark brown phenotype exhibited significantly higher NDV titer as compared to black and white black phenotype birds. Regarding meat composition and cholesterol contents, results depicted significantly higher dry matter%, crude protein%, ash% and cholesterol content(mg/100g) in males whereas ether extract% and moisture% were found to be higher in females. Among different phenotypes, dry matter% was found to be higher in white black, crude protein% in black, white black and dark brown phenotypes moisture% in light brown and cholesterol content in black plumage color birds, whereas ether extract% and ash% were observed to be greater in black and white black plumage colored birds. In second experiment, a total, 300 females (20 weeks old) from four different phenotypes (black, white black, light brown and dark brown), 75 from each, were randomly selected from the foundation stock maintained at ICGRC then assigned to 4 experimental groups arranged under Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Experimental groups consisted of four phenotypes. Each treatment was replicated 5 times with 15 birds in each. Production performance, egg geometry, quality and hatching traits were evaluated. The data were analyzed by using ANOVA technique under CRD. The results indicated significantly higher feed intake (g) in white black phenotype, heavier body weight(g) in light brown and dark brown phenotypes whereas, egg production, egg mass, FCR/dozen eggs and FCR/kg egg mass was found to be better in light brown phenotype. Egg weight (g) remained higher in black, light brown and dark brown phenotypes. Egg geometry results demonstrated higher egg weight (g), egg breadth (mm), egg volume (mm2) and egg surface area (mm3) in light brown phenotype whereas egg length (cm) was found to be greater in white black phenotype followed by light brown, dark brown and then black phenotype whereas egg quality showed no difference in various phenotypes of Naked-Neck chickens. While studying hatching traits, results showed significantly higher settable eggs%, fertility% and hatchability% in black, dark brown and light brown phenotypes than that of white black whereas better hatch of fertile% and reduced embryonic mortality% was recorded in black and dark brown phenotypes as compared to white black. Better chick quality was observed in dark brown phenotype followed by light brown, black and then white black. In conclusion, phenotypes other than white black showed relatively higher commercial importance because of their better productive and reproductive performance. Key words: Naked Neck, phonotypic characterization, morphometric, carcass traits, antibody response, meat composition, productive performance, egg characteristics, hatching traits
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