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چمن میں سبزہ و گل خطہِ رسولؐ سے ہے


چمن میں سبزہ و گُل خطۂ رسولؐ سے ہے
زمیں فلک سے حسیں روضۂ رسولؐ سے ہے

خدا کے اور بھی گھر ہیں زمین پر لیکن
حرم کی شان جدا سجدۂ رسولؐ سے ہے

صدائے کُن فیکوں سے نظامِ ہستی تک
تمام جلوہ گری ، جلوۂ رسولؐ سے ہے

کمال حسنِ عمل ؛ اتباعِ پیغمبرؐ
رُخِ حیات حسیں اُسوۂ رسولؐ سے ہے

فروغِ دین ؛ صحابہؓ کی کاوشِ پیہم
بقائے دین ؛ جگر گوشۂ رسولؐ سے ہے

پیامِ امن سے لے کر حقوقِ نسواں تک
وقارِ نوعِ بشر خطبۂ رسولؐ سے ہے

چمن کا رنگ چمن کی فضاؤں سے نکھرا
فضائے خلد حسیں کوچۂ رسولؐ سے ہے

گواہی دیتے ہیں بدر و حنین کے لشکر
نزولِ نُصرتِ رب گریۂ رسولؐ سے ہے

پیامِ آیتِ میثاقِ انبیا کیا ہے
’’نبوتوں کو شرف خاصۂ رسولؐ سے ہے‘‘

منات و لات و ہبل خاک میں ہوئے پامال
خدا کی شان عیاں رتبۂ رسولؐ سے ہے

خرامِ ناز سے عرفانؔ و آگہی کی نمو
حصولِ منزلِ حق جادۂ رسولؐ سے ہے

Persecution of Press in Sindh: Case Study of Al-Waheed and Watan Newspapers during Political Movements, 1920-22

The purpose of this research was to study the persecution of press in Sindh during the currency of Pan-Indian political movements known as Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements, during 1920-22. In this regard the case study of two popular newspapers, Al-Waheed and Watan, were conducted to understand the mechanism of monitoring and controlling the newspapers in Sindh by the colonial rulers. The study explores the political landscape of Sindh in particular and India in general during those turbulent times as well as examines the state of journalism in the province at that time. With the help of the case study of two popular newspapers, the study highlights the mechanism adopted by the colonial government for monitoring and controlling the press in Sindh. In this regard the archival official records as well as translations of the critical articles published in those newspapers were accessed at the India Office Records (IOR) section of British Library, London. The methodology adopted for the current study mainly comprised historical, analytical and content analysis. The study concludes that the press in Sindh faced severe hardships at the hands of the British government through a coercive mechanism with active involvement and concurrence of all the capitals of Sindh’s governance, i.e. Karachi, Bombay, Delhi and London. The study is first of its kind that highlights the role played and sacrifices rendered by press in Sindh for the freedom of press during colonial rule in 192022. ______

Voting Behaviour in Pakistan: An Analysis of Partisan and Floating Voters in General Elections 2013 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

This academic work is focused on the dynamics of voting behaviour with a particular focus on partisan and floating voters in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The voting behaviour of the voters in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is constantly changing in each and every election. Questions arise that, why voting behaviour and preferences are frequently changing in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa? What are the main determinants of voting behaviour in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa? There is a considerable ratio of floating voters in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa that change their loyalties in each election. The scarce literature on voting behaviour in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa did not explain the frequent changes in voting behaviour in general and partisan and floating voters in particular. This study explores the concept of floating voter in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and operationalized it on the basis of previous research work. A scientific method was used to compare the results of three general elections (2002, 2008 and 2013) in the selected constituencies for identification of partisans and floating voters. Party identification theory was operationalized for the partisan voters which justified the argument that party identification is one of the main determinants of voting behaviour in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study also figures out other determinants of voting behaviour in the 2013 such as the influence of the candidate personality, local and national issues, religion and social networks in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The „Issue Ownership Theory‟ and „Riding the Wave Theory‟ were operationalized to find out the issue voters in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The socio-political and economic circumstances in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa encouraged the influence of personalities in the electoral politics. While this research work recognizes personality vote hypothesis and tested it through Five-Factor model (FFM) of personality, the role of religion in making the political behaviour of the voters was also much visible. The study identified that religion-based voting is an important determinant of voting behaviour in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The strong social structure in the Pakhtun society and social networks like family, relatives and friends have significant influence on the political affiliation and vote choices of the individuals. The scope of this research work is limited only to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa which was divided into Northern, Central and Southern geographical regions or zones. From each zone two national assembly constituencies were randomly selected and data was collected through a close ended questionnaire on the basis of probability sample. The study is primarily quantitative. For analysis inferential statistical tests that include Chi-Square test, Paired T-test and cross tabulation were used to check the relationship between two variables and test deviation of differences.
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