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زبان اور بولی میں فرق

موضوع 5:زبان اور بولی میں فرق
زبان:
زبان خیالات و احساسات کا ذریعہ اظہار ہے۔جذبات و احساسات کی شکل زبان ہے اس کا کام لفظوں اور فقروں کے توسط سے ان کے ذہنی مفہوم و دلائل اور ان کے عام خیالات کی ترجمانی کرنا ہے۔زبان بولیوں کے مجموعے کا نام ہے۔
بولی :
بولی کسی زبان کی وہ ذیلی شاخ ہے جس کے بولنے والوں کو زبان کے کسی اختلاف کا احساس نہیں ہوتا البتہ کسی زبان کی ایک بولی بولنے والوں کو اسی زبان کی دوسری بولی کے تلفظ کے فرق کا احساس ہوتا ہے۔ہر زبان کا ہر بولی کا مخصوص انداز ہوتا ہے زبان چشمے کی حیثیت رکھتی ہے اور بولی اس سے پھوٹنے والی نہریں۔بولی ایک ایسی زبان ہے جو کسی علاقے میں رائج ہوتی ہے اس کی کوئی ادبی حیثیت نہیں ہوتی۔ زبان جس قدر وسیع ہو گی اس کی بولیاں بھی اسی قدر وسیع ہو گی۔ بولی عام فہم زبان ہے جو ہم مقامی لوگوں سے سیکھتے ہیں ایک بولی بولنے والے عام طور پر ایک زبان استعمال کرتے ہیں ہر علاقے کی بولی کا مخصوص انداز ہوتا ہے۔
تلفظ کا اختلاف:
بولی قواعد و ضوابط سے آزاد ہوتی ہے بولیوں میں لفظ کی ادائیگی میں اختلاف پایا جاتا ہے مختلف علاقوں میں مختلف بولیاں بولی جاتی ہیں۔بعض بولیاں ترقی کرکے زبان کا منصب حاصل کر لیتی ہے اور بعض جگہوں پر صرف بولی بن کر رہ جاتی ہے۔ ہمارے ملک میں قبائلی علاقے ہیں جو غیر متمدن ہیں وہاں نقل مکانی کے مواقع کم ہوتے ہیں ان کے تلفظ میں اختلاف پایا جاتا ہے۔
زبان کا نظام:
ہر زبان اپنا نظام رکھتی ہے۔ یہ مختلف عناصر پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے۔ اس کے قواعد و ضوابط ہوتے ہیں مثلا صرف و نحو اس میں وقت کے ساتھ ساتھ تبدیلیاں آتی رہتی ہیں۔...

آزادی اظہار کی حدود قیود: مسئلہ عصمت انبیاء اور اقوام متحدہ

West generally blames the Muslim world on the grounds that it does not accede to freedom of expression. But in fact, Islam gave the right of freedom of expression for the first time in history. In Rome before Islam was introduced, the rulers used to enslave the masses. Greek ministers, Roman Catholic pastorates, Spanish Inquisitions and the ministerial experts used to rebuff the individuals who used to articulate unapproved religious perspectives. The British Parliament passed a Bill of Rights in 1689. This bill proclaimed the right to speak freely. It returned amid the French Revolution of 1789 which declared speaking freely as a natural right of each person. As indicated by Holy Quran there might be no impulse in acknowledgment of the religion which is also proved from Sunnah and through the actions of the companions of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Blasphemy law is a law related to blasphemy, or irreverence toward holy prophets, or beliefs or religious traditions. In the provisions of Article 18 and 19 of the U.N. Charter, no limitations were made for expression which has left the room open for the defamation on name of freedom of speech. According to Islam, maintaining the honor and respect of all people is essential for regional, national and universal peace. Any articulation which abuses peace, honor and pride of any individual, race, religious gathering or any minority assembly as a rule and so forth cannot be incorporated into the meaning of flexibility of articulation or freedom of speech.

Effect of Performance Appraisal Process on Employee Intentions and Behaviors: A Social Exchange Perspective

Performance appraisal is a management tool to assess employees’ performance. Various processes that organizations use to conduct performance appraisal are known as performance appraisal processes (PAP). As the key objective of performance appraisal is to measure employees’ task performance, most of the research on PAP concerns the effects of PAP on employees’ task performance. Research suggests that PAP is a socio-emotional process and may affect employees’ intentions and behaviors beyond their task performance. However, how PAP affects employees’ intentions and behaviors has received scarce research attention and hence need to be further investigated. Limited research that has studied the relationship between PAP and employees’ intentions and behaviors has largely ignored the processes and mechanisms that drive this relationship and the boundary conditions within which this relationship works. To address the highlighted issues, this study examined the direct effects of PAP on employees’ intentions and behaviors (i.e., Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), Voice Behavior (VB), and Turnover Intentions (TOI)). Using social exchange theory as the theoretical framework, the study identified three mediators (i.e., psychological empowerment, organizational commitment, and job involvement) and four moderators (i.e., Leader Member Exchange (LMX), Perceived Organizational Support (POS), trust, and Perceived Fairness (PF)) of the relationship between PAP and employees’ intentions & behaviors. The study also developed hypotheses regarding how these mediators and moderators will affect this relationship. Using a quantitative approach based on cross sectional design employing multiple sources, the study empirically tested the direct, mediating and moderating hypotheses using the hierarchal regression and bootstrapping methods. Results based on triadic data from 250 employees, their immediate supervisors and representatives from their HR functions largely supported the hypotheses. The findings of this study suggested that PAP has significant positive effects on OCB, VB and significant negative effect on TOI. Moreover, both psychological empowerment and organizational commitment fully mediated by the relationships of PAP – OCB and PAP – VB and partially mediated by the relationship of PAP – TOI. Further, the relationships between PAP – OCB, PAP – VB, and PAP – TOI were moderated by LMX, Trust, and PF, however, POS only moderated the relationship between PAP and TOI. The study made significant contributions in organizational and behavioral science research. The study provided managerial insights about how to use PAP to positively affect employees’ intentions and behaviors (i.e. OCB, VB, & TOI). The study identified three intermediary mechanisms of the relationship between PAP and employee intentions & behaviors to show how this relationship works. Additionally, the study highlighted the important and critical role of four moderators to explain the varying effect of PAP on employee intentions and behaviors, hence showing when this relationship works and when it doesn’t work. Theoretical contributions, practical implications, study limitations and future research avenues were also discussed.
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Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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