کتاب "شاعری کے خطرات: عراق میں ثقافت، سیاست اور انقلاب"
احمد سہیل
( The Dangers of Poetry: Culture, Politics and Revolution in Iraq)
مصنف: کیون ایم جونز( Kevin M. Jone)
ناشر:اسٹینفورڈ یونیورسٹی پریس، کیلی فورنیا، امریکہ۔
سال اشاعت : ستمبر 2020
عراق کی کلاسیکی شاعری سے لے کر جدید شاعری تک ایک طویل ایک توانا تاریخ موجود ہے۔ خاص کر عراق کی انقلابی اور مزاحمتی شاعری کا مطالعہ کرکے ایک مخصوص انقلابی جمالیات اور جدلیات کی شعری حسیّت دریافت ہوتی ہے۔ زیر نظر کتاب میں عراق کی شاعری کء انقالبی رجحان کے تحت کی جانے والی شاعری کت سیاسی اور ثقافی خطرات کا بڑا عقلی اور تاریخی سیاق میں بہترین تنقیدی جائیزہ لیا گیا۔
یاد رہے پہلی جنگ عظیم کے بعد عراق میں، برطانیہ قابض طاقت تھا۔ بغداد کی حیدر خانہ مسجد میں 1920 میں پیغمبر اسلام (صلی اللہ علیہ وآلہ وسلم) کے یوم ولادت کی ایک تقریب میں نابینا شاعر محمد مہدی البصیر نے منبر سے اپنا شعر سنایا: "وہ آپ کے سامنے اپنی گردنیں جھکا لیں… جب تک وہ تسلیم نہ کریں۔ انہوں نے جو بدعنوانی بوئی ہے / اپنے گناہوں کو چھوڑ دیں اور آپ کی رہنمائی کے لئے سر تسلیم خم کریں۔" البصیر کی کارکردگی نے انگریزوں کو بے چین کر دیا۔ انہیں خدشہ تھا کہ 'اشتعال انگیز' نظمیں سنی-شیعہ تعاون کو آسان بنا سکتی ہیں۔ ان کے خوف میں مزید اضافہ ہوا جب ایک مقامی مخبر نے انہیں بتایا، "میں نے خود بھی وطن کے لیے کچھ کرنے کے لیے ہلچل محسوس کی۔"
البصیر عراقی شاعروں کی ایک لہر کا حصہ تھے جن کی زندگی اور کام کیون جونز کی کتاب The...
Plagiarism is a cheating in form of stealing the ideas or language of others, which is morally and ethically crime and it's also an offense. In the field of education plagiarism is an academic fraud, therefore it is considered a theft. In material world the things which belong to us are considered our property; same is the case in academic world ideas, concepts words and work which belong to us are known as "intellectual property". Thus, we cannot use or cite others’ academic work without permission. Islam is the only religion that advocates for knowledge seeking and sharing with others. So sharing useful knowledge is Sadqa-e-Jāriyia. But this does not mean to attain knowledge and overlook the real source of knowledge. In this connection individual has to give credit whenever one uses the work of others anywhere. Hence, if we are using the work of others and do not cite the source and acknowledge the real author, we indulge ourselves in "Plagiarism" or in academic fraud. So in this scenario, academic world copyright or authorship is important. In recent terminology these are known as "intellectual property rights". In present era deceiving and harming of others has become common. In academia, "intellectual frauds" are more common nowadays. The objective of this article is to highlight the Islamic perspective in the avoidances of plagiarism. In this regard, Qur᾽ānic verses and Ahādīth have been used for exploring how Islam has indicated the avoidances of plagiarism. The main theme of this paper is to highlight and explore the Islamic vision regarding the academic theft and current preventive practices in Pakistan. It is suggested & concluded that in Islam plagiarism is prohibited. It also indicates the terms & conditions for the use of academic work of other scholars. There is dire need that the Muslim experts should also revive new Islamic copyright rules and regulation for honest academic writing.
The aim of the study is to re-examine the direct impact of transactional and transformational
leadership styles on employee creativity and then after the application of mediating variable
of organizational trust. The study has catered Pakistan?s Telecom sector to explore out the
areas of leadership and its consequences on employees with perspective of creativity. The
impact of mediating variable (Organizational trust) has also checked. Normally
organizational trust is considered as positive entity, but the results extracted are not as per this
perception. From total 300 usable employee survey, responses received were 210. Ten were
excluded due to incomplete information. Rest 200 constituted a 67% percent response rate.
Contributors including the sample were functioning in three types of jobs: R&D (49%),
strategic marketing (30%), and functional professions (21%). The average age of the
participants was 30.4 years. The average organizational tenure was 3.62 years. Among the
200 respondents, 139 were male; 61 were female. Reliability of extracted data was as per
requirement. For Regression check, Preacher F. Hayes Test was used.
For the process of results, it was proposed in hypothesis that both Transactional and
transformational leaderships have positive relationship with employee creativity in presence
of organizational trust. Extracted results have proved the first part that direct impact of
Transactional leadership on dependent variable i-e Employee Creativity is positive. However,
after tool application, results do not validates the hypothesis regarding positive output of the
employee creativity with mediating variable. However, direct impact of transformational
leadership on employee creativity has obtained significant and even after the inclusion of
organizational trust as mediating variable the relationship has improved and showed full
mediation. In results, the direct impact of transformational leadership on employee creativity
is more than the explicit impact of transactional leadership on employee creativity.