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باب نہم: قدرتی وسائل کےآداب واخلاق

طہارت و نظافت کا اصول

اسلام زندگی بسرکرنے کے ہر پہلو کے متعلق ہدایات و احکام کا جامع تصور دیتا ہے۔ اسلام میں پاک و صاف وسائل ِ حیات کے استعمال کی ترغیب دی گئی ہے۔ اسلام میں طہارت و نظافت کے معاملے میں انتہائی مثالی تعلیمات و ہدایات بیان کی گئی ہیں۔ اسلام آلودگی و گندگی سے نفرت اور صفائی و پاکیزگی سے محبت کا جذبہ پیدا کرتا ہے۔ اصول ِ طہارت پر عمل کرنا حکم الہی ہے۔ طہارت کے اصول کی پیروی سے انسان فکری پاکیزگی حاصل کرتا ہے۔ اگر کوئی انسان اپنے نفس کو پاکیزہ رکھنا چاہتا ہے تو اسے لا محالہ طہارت کے اصول پر عمل کو اپنی اولین خصلت بنا نا ہوگا۔ طہارت کے اہتمام سے انسانی قلب و رووح میں نورانیت پیدا ہو جاتی ہے۔ فقہ اسلامی کی ہر کتاب کا آغاز کتاب "کتاب الطھارۃ "کیا جاتا ہے۔ شاہ ولی اللہ ؒ نے حجتہ اللہ البالغہ میں طہارت و نظافت کے اصول پر تفصیلی اور فکر انگیز روشنی ڈالی ہے اور اصول ِ طہارت کو اساسیاتِ اخلاق کے اولین درجے پر فائز کیا ہے۔ اصول طہارت کی پیروی انسانی فطرت کا خاصہ ہے۔

علامہ راغب اصفہانی کے مطابق طہارت کی دواقسام ہیں:

" والطَّهَارَةُ ضربان: طَهَارَةُ جسمٍ، وطَهَارَةُ نفسٍ، وحمل عليهما عامّة الآيات"[1]

طہارت کی دو قسمیں ہیں: 1۔ جسمانی و ظاہری طہارت 2۔ قلبی و باطنی طہارت قرآنی آیات میں جہاں بھی طہارت کا ذکر کیا گیا ہے، وہاں یہ دونوں قسم کی طہارت و نظافت پر عمل کرنا مراد ہوتاہے۔ امام بخاری ؒ نے صیح بخاری کا آغاز نیت کے اخلاص یعنی قلبی پاکیزگی سے کیا ہے۔ یعنی دل کی صفائی کو جسم کی صفائی پر فوقیت و برتری حاصل ہے۔

قرآن...

مخطوطات السيرة النبوية في الجامعات الباكستانية فى القرن العشرين

Allah Almighty has kept many sources to save his eternal message, of writings the in biography holy his and صلى الله عليه وسلم prophet his of words golden the different scholars. This shows the importance of our sacred heritage that includes the biography of the Holy Prophet ﷺ. These hand-written books (manuscripts) consist of the exegesis of Qur’ān, Jurisprudence, Principles of Exegesis of Qur’ān and Jurisprudence, morphology, syntactic and many other sciences related to Arabic language and literature. The researcher has صلى الله عليه وسلم Prophet Holy the of biography the about manuscripts the evaluated written in different universities of Pakistan during MA, MPhil, and PhD in the 20th century. The research methodology followed in the research is descriptive. Each understudy manuscript is considered from different aspects that include different features of the work done, i. E. Language of the manuscripts, details of the original text, references of Aḥādīth, pattern of footnotes, primary and secondary sources etc. The article is divided into three main sections in the following way: First deals with Islamic Arabic Manuscripts, Second are Manuscripts in Pakistani Libraries and third are would research The. صلى الله عليه وسلم Prophet the of Sirah about Manuscripts evaluated highlight value of the Manuscripts and the critical analysis of the mistakes found in Manuscripts and it would certainly improve their language, and research pattern.

Predict Observe and Explain Poe : A Teaching Strategy for Enhancing Conceptual Understanding of Enzymes in Grader 9 Students in a Private School of Karachi, Pakistan

This study explores the process and ways through which a teaching strategy such as Predict, Observe and explain (POE) helps students of grade 9 to enhance conceptual understanding of biology (enzymes). Through this strategy a teacher can create an atmosphere of inquiry and critical thinking in the science classroom. This study was conducted in three phases: Pre- intervention, Intervention and Post-intervention by using qualitative research paradigm embedded within action research. In pre- intervention I assessed current knowledge about existing teaching practices and learning atmosphere at research site as well as conceptual understanding and skills of students through observation and pre-test in the chapter (Enzymes) which was already taught by subject teacher. During Intervention stage I played two roles, that of a teacher and of a researcher. As teacher I taught the same chapter (enzymes) to all students of grade 9 of a private school in Karachi, using POE as teaching strategy. During this process emphasis was given to important aspects of POE; prediction, observation and explain and the gradual progress in conceptual understanding of students and skills. The process of learning and the ways which lead to conceptual understanding were also assessed. In Post intervention stage I assessed progress in conceptual understanding. Data were collected by using different methods and tools to ensure better reliability. For example pre-test, observational checklist, field notes, worksheets, reflective diary and post- test. Similarly data were analyzed at two stages: one was ongoing analysis of students’ work and responses while the other was thematic analysis after field work. I found that the students, who had not full understanding about enzymes in the pre- test, showed better and deeper understanding in the post- test. POE helped students in enhancing their concepts through motivation. Students not only became more proficient in science process skills of predictions, observations and explanations but also became competent in applying their learning (previous knowledge) according to the learning situation. I also found that through POE a teacher can identify students’ alternative frame works in biological concepts and rectify these alternative frameworks. I also found that POE based activities not only useful in enhancing conceptual understanding but also useful to enhance informal reasoning skills which can help students to better articulate their concepts with justifications on the basis of scientific grounds and reasons. Results of my research study reveal that teachers’ teaching style and methodology play a vital role in learning; student followed
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