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علامہ جمیل مظہری

علامہ جمیل مظہری
علامہ جمیل مظہری اردو کے بلند پایہ شاعر،ادیب اورنقاد تھے، انہوں نے مشرقی ومغربی فلسفہ،ادبیات ومذہبیات اورانسانی فکر و نظر کی تاریخ اورطلسم کدۂ کائنات وحیات کامطالعہ اس عمیق و دقت نظر سے کیا تھا کہ ان پر عالم حیرت طاری ہوگیا اوراس میں تشکیک کارنگ پیدا ہوگیا تھا۔ اس تشکیک نے رمزیت، تفلسف اوراظہار کی ندرت وبرجستگی کے ساتھ آمیز ہوکران کے کلام کوگہری انفرادیت سے ہم آہنگ کردیا تھا۔اس میں کوئی شبہ نہیں ہوسکتا کہ ایک فنکار کی حیثیت سے برصغیر کے شعراء میں وہ ایک ممتاز مرتبۂ ومقام کے مالک تھے لیکن ان کی طبیعت ہنرفروشی جوہنرنمائی کی ایک شاخ ہے ا س سے ہمیشہ سخت متنفر رہے۔ مزاج میں کمال استغناء وبے نیازی کے ساتھ گوشہ گیری وکم آمیزی کی خُو تھی اس لیے ان کو شہرت وعظمت کے دربار میں وہ مقام نہیں ملا جس کے وہ بجا طورپر مستحق تھے۔ افسوس ہے۲۳/جولائی کوان کابھی انتقال اپنے وطن مظفرآباد میں ہوگیا۔مرحوم اوران کے برادرخورد سید امیر رضاکاظمی میرے ان احباب خاص میں تھے جن کی صحبت ومعیت کی وجہ سے کلکتہ میرے لیے باغ وبہار تھا، اس لیے علامہ جمیل مظہری کاانتقال دنیائے شعروادب کاہی ایک سانحہ نہیں، ذاتی طورپر بھی ایک المناک حادثہ ہے۔
اردو کا ایک نوزائیدہ ادبی مجلہ ’’مظہری نمبر‘‘ شائع کررہاہے، اس میں مرحوم پرمیرا مفصل مقالہ بھی ہوگا اس لیے یہاں صرف اس نوٹ پراکتفا کیاجاتا ہے کہ مرحوم حضرت ابوالکلام آزاد کے خاص صحبت یافتہ تھے، ان کو موصوف سے اورموصوف کوان سے ربط و انس خاص تھا۔ ایک مدت تک ادھر ادھر تلاش معاش میں سرگرداں رہنے کے بعد پٹنہ یونیورسٹی میں پہلے اردو کے لیکچرر ہوئے اورپھر ریڈر اوراسی پوسٹ پرسبکدوش ہوگئے۔ نظم اورنثر میں متعدد کتابیں اپنی یادگار چھوڑی ہیں، درویش صفت وقلندر منش، نہایت بے تکلف اور بے...

عرب اسلامی روایت کے برصغیر پاک و ہند میں تفسیر نگاری پر اثرات: عہد رسالت تا خلافت عباسیہ کے تناظر میں اختصاصی مطالعہ

It is an established fact that the mainthrust driving force  of all Islamic disciplines is the personality of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) who appeared in the Arab Peninsula, spreading the rays of divine wisdom throughout the globe. He emerged and prevailed the Prophetic message in such a vivid style that the whole humanity confessed his lasting impressions. The Indian sub-continent has also been one of the impressed territories despite of having no direct social, cultural or religious relationships, yet some approaches from Indian sub-continental Rajas and presentations of gifts to the Prophet (PBUH) have been recorded in the history. Historians have expressed the reality that before Muhammad bin Qasim, a numbers of companions of Prophet reached India and played a pivotal role in making the suitable ground for embracing Islam. Hence, the Arab epistemological tradition engraved in the core of Indian hearts which consequently, reappeared and emerged in the classical exegetical literature of sub-continental scholars, such as Shah Waliullah and his off shoots both in India and Pakistan. This paper has been specifically articulated to explore the Arab impression on exegetical writings in the sub-continent

Integrated Management of Mycotoxins in Red Chilli

Red chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is a major crop of Pakistan. Sindh contributes 85% of its production and a small town “Kunri” is one of the largest centres for red chilli production in Asia. Red chilli is a major food ingredient and is utilized for the production of essence, pungency and red color. It is an excellent source of vitamin C and has several medicinal uses. The overall production of red chilli has decreased during the years 2006-2007. One of the main reasons for this decline is mycotoxin contamination. Contamination by mycotoxins in the red chilli crop drastically reduces its quality, due to which Pakistani red chilli is unable to enter in the world market and has been banned by European Union Food Authorities, which led to the decrease in export and production. Mycotoxins are a chemically diverse group of fungal metabolites that have a wide variety of toxic effects. The most serious and toxic example are the Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin B1 is considered a major cause of liver cancer. The present study was planned to develop an integrated approach for the management of mycotoxin contamination in red chilli. For this purpose, available germplasm was evaluated to determine the resistance level of red chilli varieties against mycoflora and production of mycotoxins. The mycoflora were isolated by employing standard techniques; associated mycotoxins were analyzed by chromatographic techniques; different antagonistic bioagents and plant diffusates were tested in-vitro for their effectiveness in managing the mycotoxins and mycotoxin producing fungi. The highly susceptible variety „Nagina‟ was subjected to crop management trials in the greenhouse. Firstly, different irrigation levels were evaluated; which have been reported to induce significant reductions in 1 2 toxins. Secondly, different species of yeast like Saccharomyces cerevisae, S. bayanus, S. postoranus and their doses were applied at flowering stage of crop. Finally, the best treatment from these individual trials was incorporated in an integrated mycotoxin management experiment. The significance of each treatment in trials was evaluated by detection and quantification of mycotoxins, estimation of yield components (fresh weight, dry weight, number of pods), nutritional profile and seed viability of produce. At this stage, the formulation of plant diffusates and bio agents with highest proficiency in the in-vitro management trial were applied to chilli pods and pre and post-application status of mycotoxins were recorded. This study provides a record of the mycoflora and mycotoxins associated with various varieties of red chilli. Most importantly, it provides the resistant/tolerant locally available red chilli cultivars (Kunri & Drooping type) which were less contaminated. In addition, the use of Saccharomyces species during pre-harvest and Lactobacillus rhamnosus at the post-harvest stage were some major findings of this study. Finally, the integration of best pre and post-harvest treatments was the most useful strategy for the management of mycotoxins in red chilli. This work provides better and more cost effective technology for farmers to produce high quality toxin free chillis which will not only increase the demand for Pakistani products in international markets but will also become the source of enhanced foreign exchange and farmer income.
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