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میر علی محمد شادؔ

جناب میر علی محمد شادؔ مرحوم عظیم آبادی

ابھی نثر اردو کے ماتم سے ہم فارغ نہیں ہوئے تھے کہ نظم اردو کے پرانے استاد عظیم آباد کے مشہور باکمال شاعر میر علی محمد شاد کی موت کی خبر آئی، ۸؍ جنوری ۱۹۲۷؁ء کو غالباً ۸۲ برس کی عمر میں اپنے وطن عظیم آباد پٹنہ میں وفات پائی، ساٹھ برس سے زیادہ کی مشق سخن تھی، لاکھوں شعر ان کے نتائج فکر ہیں، میرؔ اور انیسؔ کے مقلد اور متبع تھے، اس دور میں وہ یورپ میں زبان اردو کے تنہا استاد رہ گئے تھے، ہموطنی کے باوجود کبھی ان کی ملاقات کا شرف حاصل نہ ہوسکا، البتہ تحریری نیاز ایک مدت سے جاری تھا، کچھ دنوں سے ہوش و حواس بھی بجانہ تھے، تاہم شعر برابر وردِ زبان تھا:
آخر ہے عمر ، ضیق میں ، دل بھی ہے جان بھی
مردانہ باش! ختم ہے یہ امتحان بھی!!
مرحوم کی تصنیفات میں دیوان اور کلام منظوم کے علاوہ نوائے وطن وغیرہ نثر کی کتابیں بھی ہیں، مرحوم کا ایک طویل والا نامہ بھی میرے پاس رکھا ہے، جس میں اپنی تصنیفات کی پوری کیفیت لکھی ہے، افسوس کہ ان کا پورا کلام کوششوں کے باوجود بھی یک جاہوکر طبع نہ ہوسکا، جو کام کہ ان کی غایت احتیاط کی بناء پر ان کی زندگی میں نہ ہوسکا، شاید اب ان کے مرنے کے بعد انجام کو پہنچ جائے، اپنے طرز کے وہ تنہا مالک تھے اور زمانہ کا رنگ دیکھ کر توقع نہیں کہ اس طرز کا سخن ور پھر پیدا ہوسکے۔
(سید سليمان ندوی، جنوری ۱۹۲۷ء)

زرتشت ازم کے شعائر، رسوم اور روایات: اسلامی تناظر میں اجمالی جائزہ

Zoroastrianism is an ancient Iranian religion founded by an Iranian Prophet and scholar Zoroaster. It is claimed by some foremost scholars that this is the most ancient religion of the world which influenced the other major religions of the world like, Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The main source to know the Zoroastrianism is Avesta, Denkart and Bundahishn (sacred books) from which we know the terminologies and traditions of this religion. Main two spirits are Ahura mazda (god of pleasure and goodness) and Ahriman (god of evil) and seven more main spirits which are called as angels are Amesha spentas which show the actual spirit and direction of this ancient religion. Some of the concepts and traditions are same which exists in Islam but with different names and features, like prayers and matters after death, heaven and hell. In this article, main focus is on tradition and terminologies of this ancient religion to know its actual spirit to get the basic information and main themes for initial reader of this religion from Islamic theological pers-pective. No doubt, Zoroastrianism is one the amended religions exist on earth yet because of the similarity of various rituals with Islam. However, Zoroastrianism is being considered reve-aled religion and Zoroaster as true prophet of Allah.

Us Image in Urban Pakistan: An Empirical Assessment

Positive public images of a nation play pivotal role in cementing the relations at international arena. Consequently, many states invest their human and financial resources, to project their positive images to defend and serve their interests. As a matter of fact, the US image in the world is positive as well negative. Pakistan remained an important ally of USA during and after cold war however Pakistan-USA relations never progressed in a linear direction. The history of relations between the both nations has been marked by periods of courtship and phases of distrust. The relationship sometimes brought the two states to close friendship and sometimes to hostility. The engagement and disengagement between the two states often coined with the divergence of their national interests. No doubt, it was only the national interest of two states which binds them in either friendly or hostile relationship. The global agenda of USA basically revolved around its own political, economic and strategic interests in international arena; hence it pursued the policies for its own benefit. The regional agenda of Pakistan too revolved around its security and economic development. The global interests of the USA and regional interests of Pakistan were the main cause of engagement and disengagement between the two states. This empirical study is designed to investigate the factors affecting, molding and promoting the positive or negative images of USA in Pakistan. Five urban centers were selected to evaluate the US image including four provincial capitals namely Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta along with the federal capital Islamabad. Survey method was used to evaluate the US image in all the five urban centers. The target population was further stratified on the basis of gender and qualification. The study leads by two general hypotheses: (1) Majority of Urban Pakistan, across the social and financial strata have negative image of USA. (2) The factors responsible for these negative images are based on legal and ethical ideals of sovereignty, freedom, equality, and constitutionalism. The study has to test these hypotheses in five selected areas: violation of Pakistan’s sovereignty, US policies towards Muslim world, US policies in Afghanistan, mounting Indo-US relations, and US aid to Pakistan. Results of the study show that the factor on which the image of USA was extremely negative is violation of Pakistan’s sovereignty. US policies towards Muslim world, the issue of Afghanistan and rising strategic ties with India especially after the end of cold war are not welcomed by the Pakistani masses and viewed the American image as negative but with less intensity as compared to the factor of violation of Pakistan’s sovereignty. Public supported the US aid program to Pakistan and viewed it as supportive for country’s frail and flimsy economy but at the same time also doubtful about on the political objective of US aid. The study also suggested ways to correct the image of USA in Pakistan in its recommendation, and do contain suggestions for future studies on the relevant theme.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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