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سماج اور سماج فہمی

سماج اور سماج فہمی
سماج
سماج لفظ سنسکرت زبان کے دو لفظوں سے مل کر بنا ہے۔"سم " اور "آج" سم کے معنی ہیں اکٹھا یا ایک ساتھ اور آج کے معنی ہیں رہنا۔یعنی سماج کے لغوی معنی ہیں ایک ساتھ رہنا۔ اس خیال سے جہاں افراد ایک جگہ جمع ہوجاتے ہیں وہیں سماج بن جاتا ہے۔انگریزی زبان میں معاشرے کے لئے سوسائٹی (society)کا لفظ استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔ عمرانیات میں افراد کے باہمی تانے بانے کو معاشرہ کہتے ہیں۔ عموماًمعاشرے سے مراد افراد کا گروہ لیا جاتا ہے۔
’’لفظ سماج کے لغوی معنی معاشرہ سوسائٹی ،انجم،حلقہ،ٹولہ، یا صف کے ہیں اور یہ سنسکرت زبان کا لفظ ہے۔‘‘(1)
عام فہم الفاظ میں تو تمام انسانوں ہی کا مجموعہ سماج کہلاتا ہے۔لیکن اگر کوئی یہ سوال اٹھانا شروع کر دے کہ انسان کیا ہے؟ تو پھر انسان اور سماج دونوں کے وجود پر سوال اٹھنا شروع ہو جاتے ہیں اور دونوں ہی پیچیدہ تر ہوتے چلے جاتے ہیں۔انسان صرف گوشت پوست کا لوتھڑا تو نہیں ہے۔ یہ ایک ایسا صاحب شعور اور صاحب نطق جانور ہے جو صرف ایک وجود نما نہیں ہے۔ بلکہ اس وجود کی بقا کے لئے تمام مادی، جغرافیائی اور مالیاتی نظام کا نام بھی ہے۔
اس تعریف کے مطابق کوئی انسان اس وقت تک مکمل انسان کہلاہی نہیں سکتا جب تک اسے اپنی بقا کے لئے تمام تر "معیاری"اور"مناسب ماحول" حاصل نہیں ہو جاتا۔ اب معیاری اور مناسب ماحول کیا ہوتا ہے؟ کیونکہ فطرت نے ہمیں اپنے جینے کے لئے کوئی نہ کوئی معیاری اور مناسب ماحول فراہم نہیں کیا۔ اس کے لئے انسان نے خود تگ و دو کی ہے۔اس لیے یہ اضافی صفات بن گئی ہیں۔
گروہ اور اجتماع اپنی سادہ شکل سے پیچیدہ شکل کی طرف سفر کرتے رہے ہیں ،اس لئے یہ"مناسب"اور "معیاری" رقابلی صفات بھی ہوتی گئیں۔ لوگوں...

Problems and Challenges to English Language in Madaris of Pakistan

Language is a communication tool to impart education at every level that is why different languages are taught for this purpose. In Madaris of Pakistan, Arabic is commonly taught as it is the language of basic Islamic sources i.e. The Holy Quran and Hadith. This paper will basically try to understand the learning of English as a language is not given importance, although it is very essential nowadays but besides this, it faces many problems and challenges in religious Madaris of Pakistan. Many factors are involved in this situation. In modern world, English language specially can be very helpful to the purposes of these Madaris. Learning of English language will help to impart, propagate and defend the message of Islam on a larger and wider scale. One can use it for da’wah and calling others to Allah. But some elements of Madaris are not well informed about to this fact that they have not such a larger vision to understand and absorb the facts. On the other side, supporters of teaching English language in Madaris are unluckily blind to the positive, historic, reformative role of Madaris. This situation is creating misunderstandings and these bodies are seen opponents while they must be supporting to each other. This article reviews the challenges and the problem and challenges to English language in Madaris as well as how to bridge the chasm created between the two schools of thought.

Study on Sustanable Livelihoods, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change in District Swat

Like any other developing country, Pakistan is confronting the problem of climate change. The unprecedented flooding of 2010 and other subsequent events directs to the fact that this region is most vulnerable to climatic hazards. Despite the fact and importance, the public concerns and understandings of the issue in the region is not studied yet. This research is based on a case study carried out in District Swat of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The main objectives covering the study were i) to get insight of the public perceptions of climate change and adaptation in the study area and ii) to assess the various impacts of climate change on livelihood sources of indigenous communities. An attempt was made to utilize mixed methods approach to get an in-depth investigation of the underlying factors and determinants influencing the public understanding about climate change. Using stratified sampling technique, 25 union councils (wards) were selected from the nine tehsils (sub-districts) of the study area. Information was collected from 1066 households using structured questionnaire. The information was analyzed using SPSS (version 20) and the association between the climate change knowledge and demographic variables were explored using chi-square tests and Cramer’s V statistics. The study revealed that majority (88.5%) of the respondents were aware of the climate change in the area. Deforestation (37.2%), natural causes (29.7%) and combustion of fossil fuels (14.7%) were the main reported causes of climate change. Natural hazards such as floods (16.8%), dry spells (16.2%), vector borne diseases (10.8%), changes in biodiversity (10.5%), lower agricultural productivity 10.1%) and heat waves (9.9%) were among the major perceived impacts of climate change. A Significant relationship (p < .05) was found between the demographic variables and climate knowledge in the study area. The study also revealed that climate change has affected multiple livelihood resources in the study area. Climate induced hazards such as floods, droughts, extreme weather events and erratic rainfall are the main factors affecting livelihood sources in the study area. The floods of 2010 has resulted in a major setback to the overall socio-economic fabric of the area. The floods washed out large numbers of agriculture lands, crops and fruit orchards spreading havoc. Most of the hotels and other tourism infrastructure along xvii the River Swat got damaged as the result. The devastation left thousands of individuals jobless as their livelihoods were shattered by the floods. Adaptation measures dictates the various steps taken by the government and communities to adapt to the negative impacts of climate change. Government funded as well locally adapted measures have been found in the study area. After the severe flooding event of 2010, government departments are involved in multiple rehabilitation efforts. Watershed management, reforestation / afforestation, rehabilitation of the damaged water supply and sewerage systems, embankments of the River Swat, and construction of new reservoirs are some of the efforts commenced by the government. Locally adapted measures include changes in irrigations system, change in crop variety and seeds, change in the house structure, communal protection of the forest resources and grazing lands. Although a unanimous agreement about climate change was found in the study area, differing views about the causes and impacts of climate change among the survey respondents existed. The findings present ample evidence to materialize this prerogative. Perceptions and understandings of climate change is highly affected by the age, education and income level of the respondents. Elderly people are more knowledgeable about the causes and impacts of climate change as they have been observing the climate system since long. Educated people tend to blame anthropogenic causes for climate change compared to others who opt for natural causes. The demography of a study area is a major contributing factor to the understanding of climate change beliefs of a community. This research recommends that the role of environmental institutions should be enhanced at provincial level and should be extended to the district level. Public should be provided with climate education leading to better understanding of climate change and its impacts on their communities. Moreover, they should be made aware about the importance of forests, negative effects of deforestation and how to take care of these resources using individual and communal efforts.Further research is recommended to explore to the entire depth of the affected livelihood resources with emphasis on agriculture, fisheries and tourism sectors.
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