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112. Al-Ikhlas/The Purity of Faith

112. Al-Ikhlas/The Purity of Faith

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

112:01
a. Proclaim the truth:
b. HE is Allah, the One, and Only God–
c. - the infinite, limitless, indivisible, and most unique.
d. One in Essence and Peerless in Attributes.

112:02
a. Allah, the Eternally-Besought of all at times of need while HE seeks none.

112:03
a. HE has no family.
b. Neither giving birth to nor parenting anyone: no son, no daughter, no downstream family,
c. nor being born of anyone: no parents, no siblings, no upstream family.

112:04
a. And equal or comparable to HIM is no one, has never been anyone, and shall never be any.

Benazir Bhutto and the Challenge and Response Theory

This study estimates the leadership qualities of Benazir Bhutto, first female Prime Minister of Pakistan and the Islamic world. The life history of Benazir Bhutto also falls under the category of charismatic leadership as she displayed exceptional leadership qualities in the face of different personal and political challenges. Much has been written on the life, personality and political career of Benazir Bhutto but very few have made academic and in depth study of leadership qualities of Benazir Bhutto which were predominant and striking features of her political leadership during her second tenure as Prime Minister of Pakistan (1993-96). Therefore, this article navigates on diverse Socio-economic, Political and Geo-strategic challenges and responses of Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister of Pakistan (1993-96). Further, it encapsulates her relationship with military, dwindling state of economy, revengeful role of opposition and various contradictions with President created a grave challenge not only for poor governance but also for the longevity of her premiership tenure. It was not smooth sailing for her as Prime Minister; however, it was a hard journey full of myriad challenges, inherited dwindling economy, overdeveloped state structure, strife torn society, volatile geo-political situation, regional disparities, vindictive politics of opposition and imbalance of power between Prime Minister and President required stupendous efforts from Benazir Bhutto as a Prime Minister. Further, this study presents a systematic and factual analysis of the socio-economic challenges and the arbitrary use of the Presidential power (58) (2B). Furthermore, theory of challenge and response has also been applied to have a better understanding of Benazir Bhutto’s leadership qualities and administrative abilities. It also throws light on the circumstances that led towards her ouster from premiership. Besides, this study attempts to find what were the diverse challenges faced by Benazir Bhutto as a Prime Minister (1993-96)? How did she respond to various challenges as Prime Minister?

Monte Carlo Comparison of Panel Data Cointegration Tests and Their Economic Application

Mainly, the current study demonstrate the comparison of panel cointegration tests. This study comprised of comparative assessments of 24 tests and their comparison using stringency criterion. Among the compared tests, 21 tests are based on the null hypothesis of no cointegration, while 3 tests are based on the null hypothesis of cointegration. As far as novelty of the study is concerned, none of the existing studies have used this stringency criterion for the power comparison of panel cointegration tests. within the framework of null of no cointegration, this study evaluates the performance of 21 tests included; Residual based tests (parametric/nonparametric), Maximum Likelihood based tests, Fisher type tests, Average Weighted Symmetric test and Error Correction Based tests. The current study also extended toward comparison of power 3 panel cointegration tests having null hypothesis of cointegration. This study also evaluates the empirical size of the under consideration panel cointegration tests using asymptotic critical values and found that most of the tests are oversized. Therefore, size of all these tests have been controlled by using simulated critical values. The results of current study depicts that two residual based tests (PdP_V, PdPrho) and average weighted symmetric based test (PAWS) performed in paramount way throughout all time and cross sectional dimensions. current study also reveals that maximum likelihood based test LR and second generation test W_Gt perform worst in the current scenario. The LM_OLS test having null hypothesis of cointegration performed better than LM_DOLS and LM_FMOLS. Three better performing tests have reasonably high bootstrap powers based on Fisher hypothesis.
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