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مارما ڈیوک پکتھال

مارماڈیوک پکھتال
مارماڈیوک پکھتال انگریزی کے بلند پایہ انشاء پرداز انگریز تھے، مدت تک مصر اور ترکی میں رہے تھے اور وہیں اسلام کے تاثرات نے ان کے دل میں گھر کیا تھا اور اسلام کے سچے پیرو ہوگئے تھے، ۱۹۲۰؁ء میں لندن میں ان سے جمعہ کی نماز میں اسلامی جماعت خانہ میں ملاقات ہوا کرتی تھی، وہ بالکل مسلمانوں کی طرح نماز پڑھا کرتے تھے، جماعت خانہ میں ان کی ترکی ٹوپی نماز کے لئے رکھی رہتی تھی، جس کو وہ نماز کے وقت پہن لیتے تھے، لارڈ کرومر کے زمانہ میں مصر میں تھے۔
ترکی اور رواں عربی زبان بولتے تھے اور جانتے تھے، ترکوں کی ہمدردی میں طرابلس کے زمانہ میں کچھ رسائل لکھے تھے، لندن میں ان سے گھنٹوں باتیں ہوا کرتی تھیں، اس کے بعد ہی وہ بمبئی کرانیکل کے ایڈیٹر ہوکر آگئے، چنانچہ وہاں بھی ان سے ملاقات ہوئی، پھر وہ حیدرآباد دکن چادر گھاٹ ہائی اسکول کے ہیڈماسٹر اور وہاں کی سول سروس کے اتالیق ہوگئے تھے، اس زمانہ میں جب حیدرآباد جانا ہوا، محبت سے مجھے اپنے یہاں بلاتے رہے، اسی زمانہ میں قرآن پاک کا ترجمہ شروع کیا، غالباً ۱۹۲۷؁ء میں مدراس میں جب ان سے ملاقات ہوئی تو اپنے انگریزی ترجمہ کا ذکر کیا، اور سورۂ مریم کا ترجمہ دیکھنے کو دیا، وہ کہتے تھے کہ مولوی محمد علی لاہوری کے غلط سلط ترجمہ کو انگریزوں کے ہاتھوں میں دے کر شرماتا ہوں اور جی چاہتا ہے کہ اس کا ایک آتشیں ترجمہ کروں جو دلوں کو گرما دے، چنانچہ حیدرآباد کی مالی امداد سے مصر جاکر اس ترجمہ کو پورا کیا اور چھپا اور یہ ان کا بڑا کارنامہ ہے، یہ وہ نومسلم انگریز تھے جو ایمان کے ساتھ عملاً نماز و روزہ کے پابند تھے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان پر رحم و کرم فرمائے۔

Beyond Ritualism: Impact and Implications of Ḥajj on the Society of Pakistan

Ḥajj―an annual Islamic congregation―is a supreme manifestation of Faith (Imān) in which muslims assemble to pronounce explicitly their subservience and loyalty to Almighty Allah alone. Besides freeing themselves from the squalor of Shirk, Muslims satiate their souls with the feelings of ‘Faith’ and ‘Unity.’ This fact is purely accomplished when the Muslims shed off their outer difference by donning the dress of unity (Iḥrām). Ḥajj is a perfect blend between ‘Creator’ and ‘creature’, ‘soul’ and ‘spirit’ on the one hand and an enduring and invaluable expression physically, socially, and materially on the other. From this pragmatic Institution, Pakistan―one of the premier countries of the Islamic world―can derive unprecedented benefits politically, socially, and economically. One of the important objectives of the paper is to describe the significance of Ḥajj to the people of Pakistan. In so doing, the paper examines and explores, objectively and analytically, the institution of Ḥajj and its implications on the Muslim world, particularly Pakistan. The first section of the paper, “Ḥajj―At a Glance”, presents meaning and historical background of Ḥajj. The second section “Revitalizing the Ḥajj”, besides presenting the revitalization of the Institution by the final Messenger (peace be upon him) also gives an overview of some of the very important rituals to be realized (during Ḥajj). The subsequent sections, “Socio-Economic Dimension of Ḥajj” and “Ḥajj―Implications and Impact on the Society of Pakistan”, describe respectively the socio-economic impact and leverage of the Ḥajj on the Muslim world in general and on Pakistan in particular. The study is followed by “Conclusion” wherein it has been argued that the Ḥajj can bring an immense transformation and positivity in a country if its sweetness is sought in all earnestness.

The Antecedents of Competitiveness in the Textile Industry of Pakistan.

The theory of comparative advantage was first described by David Ricardo (1817) the theory refers to the ability of an individual or a country to produce a particular goods or services at a lower marginal and opportunity cost over another. Theory gained a great criticism afterwards like,Roberts (1984) notes that the comparative advantage principles do not hold where the factors of production are internationally mobile.Criticism also supported by UtsaPatnaik (2005) and Ha-Joon Chang (2002).After more than hundred and fifty years theory of competitiveness was presented by Michael Porter in 1985, which addressed some of the criticism of the comparative advantage. Porter was of the view that cheap labor (that always remains present) and natural resources are not necessary for a good economy.He emphasizes productivity growth as the focus of national strategies. Comparative advantage can lead countries to specialize in exporting primary goods(goods directly attainable from the earth, usually the 3''Fs and M Farming, Forestry, Fishing and Mining) and raw materials that trap countries to low-wage economies due to terms of trade. Whereas competitive advantage attempts to correct for this issue by stress in maximizing scale economies in goods and services that gain premium prices (Warf, 2007). Pakistan is the 4th largest producer of cotton, which is the input of the textile sector. This natural edge gives the country a comparative advantage over the competitors. The exports of textile are 65% of the total exports of the Pakistan, containing 3% for raw cotton and 97% for manufactured or industrialized goods (Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, 2009-10) . Constitutes 46% of Manufacturing Industry, Employs 38% of country’s working population contributes 8.5% to the total GDP(SMEDA, 2005). The study was designed to find out the key determinants of the competitiveness of the textile industry of Pakistan. Survey was designed to conduct the research in the sector by using finance side, productivity side, supply-side and demand-side determinants to measure enterprises’ competitiveness. 183 Public Limited Textile companies listed at KSE (Karachi Stock Exchange) were taken as sample for the study. Data regarding four dimensions of competitiveness as mentioned earlier has been collected by dividing the dimension into sub dimensions, each sub dimension asked through various questions at likert scale. Exploratory factor analysis technique has been applied on these sub dimensions, to find out the key sub dimensions of each major dimension of competitiveness. The averages of these selected sub dimensions, labeled as new variables, with the title of their major dimensions of competitive position. The findings demonstrate that finance side determinants being explored by the factor analysis showing the highest average, being followed by the productivity, supply side and demand side determinants respectively.This indicates that various sub-dimensions were selected as the key determinants of the competitiveness of the textile industry of Pakistan by the factor analysis technique. These dimensions were as: two sub-dimensions from financial side (i) cost of capital and (ii) easy raising of funds from equity markets at compare to other regional competitors, five sub-dimensions from the productivity side (i) training facilities to workers, (ii) developing work attitude, (iii) learning organization, (iv) education facilities for workers at job, (v) potential to restructure and (vi) research and innovation facilities available for productivity. Eight sub-dimensions from supply side (i) low cost of local inputs, (ii) easy access to information, (iii) low cost of imported inputs, (iv) backward, forward & vertical linkages, (v) supply chain management, (vi) research and development facilities in supply, (vii) preferential policies, and (viii) ISO role in dealing with suppliers.Seven sub-dimensions from the demand side comprising of, (i) quality increases demand, (ii) access to local markets, (iii) access to abroad markets, (iv) role of government in finding new markets, (v) product differentiation increases demand, (vi) role of WTO for enhancing demand and (vii) elimination of quota regime. Data findings supports the above mentioned sub-dimensions aggregately forming the major dimensions which could be stated as the factors those are keeping the textile industry of Pakistan competitive at firm level.
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