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حدود میں تخفیف کے مواقع

حدود میں تخفیف کے مواقع
مندرجہ ذیل چند اہم پہلوؤں کی نشان دہی کی جا رہی ہے، جن کی بناء پر حدود (عقوبات) میں معافی یا تخفیف کی گنجائش ملتی ہے:
1۔ اگر شریعت کا کوئی دوسرا اصول کسی خاص مجرم پر سزا کے نفاذ میں مانع ہو تو اسے سزا سے مستثنیٰ قرار دیا جائے گایا اس کے لیے متبادل سزا تجویز کی جائے گی ، جیسا کہ رسول اللہﷺ کے فیصلوں سے ثابت ہے۔ حضرت نعیم بن مسعود اشجعی  (م:36ھ)سے روایت ہے ، جب بنو حنیفہ کے مدعی نبوت مسیلمہ کے دو قاصد اس کا خط لے کر رسول اللہ ﷺ کی خدمت میں حاضر ہوئے تو آپ ﷺنے ان سے پوچھا کہ کیا وہ مسیلمہ کی نبوت پر ایما ن رکھتے ہیں ؟ انہوں نے اثبات میں جواب دیا تو رسول اللہ نے ارشاد فرمایا
" لو لا أن الرسل لا تقتل لضربت أعناقكما۔"49
" اگر قاصدوں کو قتل نہ کرنے کی روایت ہوتی تو میں تم دونوں کی گردن مار دیتا۔ "
اس کا مطلب یہ تھا کہ اگرچہ ارتداد کی وجہ سے وہ دونوں قاصد قتل کے مستحق ہو چکے تھے ، لیکن قاصدوں اور سفیروں کے احترام اور ان کی حفاظت کا ایک دوسرا اخلاقی اصول اس پر عمل کرنے میں مانع تھا اور آپ نے اسی کا لحاظ کرتے ہوئے انہیں بحفاظت واپس جانے دیا ۔ آپ ﷺنے اسی اصول پر یہ ہدایت کی کہ اگر باپ اپنے بیٹے کو قتل کردے تو اسے قصاص میں قتل نہ کیا جائے۔ حضرت سراقہ بن مالک  (م:24ھ)سے روایت ہے
" رسول الله ﷺ يقيد الأب من ابنه ولا يقيد الابن من أبيه۔"50
" رسول اللہﷺ باپ پر بیٹے کے قتل میں قصاص نہیں دلوایا کرتے تھے جب کہ بیٹے سے باپ کے قتل میں قصاص دلواتے تھے۔ "
2۔ سزا...

Trash Rush – Educational Mobile Game For Android Devices

As population grows faster, the rise of garbage collection follows.  Massive information dissemination of waste management has been done by local representatives to educate people but despite the effort exerted still mismanagement of waste exist that caused serious environmental consequences to nature and human beings.  This condition ignites the researchers to develop a technology-based means to help disseminate proper disposal of garbage through the use of mobile phones.  Trash Rush educational mobile game application utilized Lua Scripting Language for game features, system behavior and synchronizes the phone sensor to the system. The Lua tool is decoded to JSON codes and sent to PHP MySQL in the webserver for storage. For tilting motion and orientation of the phone, the researchers employ the accelerometer sensor as the main navigation controller.   For sound and background effects, the Reactable Application is utilized.  The Box2D game engine is used to analyze and interpret the images and graphic effects while the Box2D API is utilized for object movement and animation. The Motion Parallax effect is also used to give more realistic effects in movements of the objects and the graphical background of the game. All these components are extracted through the APK file of Corona SDK to build and publish the app.  Upon reaching to the deployment stage of iterative model, it was found out that the system became viral to grade levels in the campus because of its story and time attack mechanism.

Rhizobacterial Phosphorous Solubilization for Enhanced Yield Potato Solanum Tuberosum L.

Phosphorus (P) is one of the indispensable element for plants to regulate key biochemical processes like photosynthesis, respiration, energy storage and transfer, cell division and cell enlargement. Although, sufficient amount of P is present in agricultural soils but generally it is unavailable for plant growth and development due to fixation and immobilization. Potato is used as a staple food in most part of the world and popular in Pakistan as well. Microorganisms with P-solubilizing ability have substantial ability to provide P, required for healthy plant growth. Present study was carried out to isolate P-solubilizing rhizobacteria from major potato growing areas of Punjab, Pakistan with the hypothesis that the P-solubilizing rhizobacteria would improve growth and yield of potato on inoculation. Out of 116 isolates, 31 were characterized as P-solubilizers with varying ability of tri-calcium phosphate solubilization (16.57 to 140.38 μg ml-1) in vitro. Fifteen isolates showed P-mineralizing potential with extracellular (0.9×10-10 kat to 6.07×10-10) and intra-cellular (0.32×10-10 kat to 3.65×10-10) phytase activity. Of 31 P-solubilizing rhizobacteria, 20 isolates showed IAA (0.5 to 13.84 μg ml-1) producing potential. Taxonomically these bacteria were identified on the bases of 16S rRNA gene and belongs to ten different genera. Gene considered for P-solubilization pqqE, was successfully amplified in four (P. brassicacearum KPS-5, Pseudomonas sp.KPS-7, Serratia sp. KPS-8 and S. plymuthica KPS-10) bacterial strains while ß-propeller gene (encoding alkaline phytase) was confirmed in two (P. brassicacearum KPS-5 and B. subtilis KPS-11) bacterial strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA, pqqE and ß-propeller genes showed their phylogeny at genus level. Phenotypic microarray analysis of potent P-solubilizers revealed their metabolic diversity and potential. P-solubilizers exhibited organic acids (gluconic, oxalic, tartaric, malic and lactic acids) production ability in varying amount. P-solubilization and organic acid production attributes were positively correlated (r= 0.9412 to 0.9912) with pH decline in culture medium. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of phosphobacterial strains P. brassicacearum KPS-5, Pseudomonas sp.KPS-7 and Serratia sp. KPS-8 showed their colonization potential with potato roots. These bacterial strains were labelled with yellow fluorescent protein (yfp), inoculated to potato seedlings and observed under confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) which further confirmed their root colonization potential. Fifteen promising P-solubilizing bacterial strains were selected for plant inoculation test. All inoculations enhanced potato growth parameters. However, P. brassicacearum KPS-5, Pseudomonas sp.KPS-7 and Serratia sp. KPS-8 showed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher potato growth compared to other inoculated and un-inoculated plants. In another experiment, conducted in soil supplemented with phytate, two rifampicin resistant derivatives of bacterial strains P. brassicacearum KPS-5 and B. subtilis KPS-11 were successfully recovered from potato rhizosphere and rhizoplane at different time intervals up to 60 days after inoculation which showed their survival and colonization potential. Both bacterial strains significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased the potato growth parameters in comparison with un-inoculated plants. Field experiments were conducted at three different localities (Faisalabad, Sahiwal and Rawalakot) to evaluate plant growth promoting potential of selected rhizobacterial strains under field conditions. Bacterial inoculums of P. brassicacearum KPS-5, Pseudomonas sp.KPS-7 and Serratia sp. KPS-8 supplemented with half dose of P fertilizer significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased the growth and yield of potato when compared with un-inoculated plants with same level of P fertilizer as well as un-inoculated treatments with full dose of rock phosphate (RP). It is concluded on the basis of in vitro and in vivo studies that P. brassicacearum KPS-5, Pseudomonas sp.KPS-7 and Serratia sp. KPS-8 are potential P-solubilizing rhizobacterial strains that can enhance growth and yield of potato by making unavailable forms of phosphorus to bioavailable form. These bacterial strains can be used as P-solubilizing bio-inoculants with reduced dose of P fertilizer for potato crop.
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