Islamic Perspective on Social Welfare
| Journal | Al-Idah |
| Title | Islamic Perspective on Social Welfare |
| Author(s) | Bangash, Arshad Khan, Jehanzeb |
| Volume | 37 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Year | 2019 |
| Pages | 23-34 |
| Full Text |  |
| Keywords | Zkwāt, ‘Ashr, Ṣdqh, Srsāyah, Ṣdqhifṭr, and Fṭrānā. |
| Chicago 16th | Bangash, Arshad Khan, Jehanzeb. "Islamic Perspective on Social Welfare." Al-Idah 37, no. 2 (2019). |
| APA 6th | Bangash, A. K., Jehanzeb (2019). Islamic Perspective on Social Welfare. Al-Idah, 37(2). |
| MHRA | Bangash, Arshad Khan, Jehanzeb. 2019. 'Islamic Perspective on Social Welfare', Al-Idah, 37. |
| MLA | Bangash, Arshad Khan, Jehanzeb. "Islamic Perspective on Social Welfare." Al-Idah 37.2 (2019). Print. |
| Harvard | BANGASH, A. K., JEHANZEB 2019. Islamic Perspective on Social Welfare. Al-Idah, 37. |
Abstract:
The study was carried out with the core objective about Islamic principles and teachings regarding welfare and its observance in ‘Pakhtun’ society under interpretative methodology of social sciences in ‘Gadhar-Hamza Khan, Shankar and Jamal Garhi’ of District Mardan. For collection of the relevant primary data 30 participants were purposely selected through convenient sampling method and then thoroughly interviewed while using interview guide as tool of data collection. After collection of the data, different themes were derived which were properly analyzed and presented in sequential orders. The study concluded that the most of the participant were lacking enough knowledge about calculation and distribution Zkwāt and ‘Ashr as they used and considered both term terms interchangeably. The study further concluded that priority was given to ‘Ashr rather Zkwāt. Awareness and observance about teachings of Islam in true spirit, inclusion of reading materials in curriculum of schools, colleges and universities, and deliverance of religious sermons by clerics about promotion of welfare activities were presented some of the recommendations.
1.1Introduction:
The essence of Islam focuses on serving humanity with the intention to bring harmony and to mitigate disturbances, social disorders and problems for maintaining equilibrium among various aspects of the society. This could also be contributing towards easy fulfillments of needs and requirements of every individual during the course of life through initiating social welfare programs and promotion of the spirit of serving humanity beyond race, ethnicity, gender, colour, creed and religion.
Social welfare is an organized system of institutions and services specially designed for helping individuals and groups to attain satisfying standards of life with special emphasis to develop their full capacities and to promote overall well-being of individuals in harmony both at family and community levels[1]. Social welfare includes the utilization of welfare measures to support and strengthen family institutions, followed by strengthening individual’s capacity to cope with life situation[2]. Broadly speaking, social welfare encompasses well-being and interest of collectivities, including their physical, mental, emotional, spiritual and economic needs through satisfaction of basic needs i.e. food, clothing and shelter[3].
Islam bestows welfare activities to the general masses and such activities are not something new in the Muslim world[4]. As a universal religion, it believes in humanity and the well-being of mankind. It is a complete path of life and its teachings encompass all walks of human life. In this regard, a noble objective was set by God for mankind that people have to adhere to peace and harmony by following His tenets of revelations sent down to the earth via his prophets since the inception of the society[5]. The current study focuses on the practice of social welfare system in Pakhtūn society by covering the outlined Islamic welfare practices Ushar, Zakāt, Sadaqah, Sadaqa tul fiṭar and Fiṭrāna. The prime purpose of the paper is to compare the real and ideal shape of social welfare system from Islamic perspective in the given area.
The religion of Islam has stressed more on the satisfaction of the basic human needs like food, shelter and clothes and according to the Holy Quran; “There is therein (enough provision) for thee not to go hungry nor to go naked; nor to suffer from thirst, nor from the sun’s heat”[6]. The Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) also defined the least requirements of life by stating that; “The son of man has no better right than that he would have a house wherein he may live, and a piece of cloth whereby he hide his nakedness, and a piece of bread and some water”[7].Such basic human needs can be smoothly satisfied through a fair, regular and functional mechanism of Zakāt (Obligatory Charity), Sadaqah (voluntary Charity) and Ushar(Obligatory Charity on agriculture production) distributions.
Zakāt is an important fourth pillar of Islam, which literally means “to increase, to grow, to clean, to be pure, and to be clear and praise oneself”[8].The teachings of Islam emphasis on helping the needy and that they must be provided with financial support in order to enable them fulfill their requirements in a properly devised smooth manner. Zakāt is permitted to be paid in the form of edible items in accordance with the needs of the people[9].
According to the Holy Quran; “We made them (Abraham and his sons) imams who guided in accordance with our commandments, and we taught them how to work righteousness, and how observe the contact prayers (Salat) and the obligatory charity Zakāt. To us, they were devoted worshipers”[10]. The Holy Quran further stated regarding distribution of Zakāt in a manner that; “You shall give the due alms to the relatives; the needy, the poor, and the travelling alien, but do not be excessive, extravagant”[11]. In addition, Islamic scholars and jurists also justified the distribution of Zakāt among those who can’t manage their marriage expenses and pay the debt over them[12]. Moreover, in case of not paying Zakāt, Almighty Allah commanded about severe punishment and stated that
“Those who hoard up treasures of gold and silver and spend them not in the way of Allah; give them the news of painful punishment, on the day when that(Wealth) will be heated in the fire of Hell and with it will be branded their forehead, their sides and their backs, (and it will be said to them) ‘this is the treasure that you hoarded for yourselves. Now taste of what you used to hoard.”[13].
Zakāt which is liable on crops or agriculture production is called ‘Ushar, which means one tenth of the produce. Ushar is an obligatory charge (Zakāt) on farm productions which are one-tenth for one kind of land and one-twentieth for the others[14]. It is further stated that “If the farm or garden is watered naturally by rain or spring water, or river or stream water, tenth part of the produce is obligatory, and if irrigated by artificial means (well, Tube well, Canals etc.) twentieth part is mandatory[15]. It is also clear from the sayings of Almighty Allah that; “O Believers! Expend in Allah’s way the best portion of the wealth you have earned and of what we have produced for you from the earth.”[16].
Similarly, Islam is not only focusing on Zakāt and Ushar but gives equal attention to other social welfare activities such as Sadaqah. Furthermore, itis also considered an essential aspect of social welfare in the discourse of Islamic perspectives. Sadaqah means honest and truthful, which effectively implies to the act of giving to poor and needy and it confirms one’s genuine servitude and devotion to God[17]. The concept of Sadaqah means to give and to help without anticipating any form of compensation or favor in return; while also holding the sincere intent of pleasing God alone[18].
According to the Holy Quran that “O you who believe, you shall give to charity from the provision we have given to you, before a day comes where there is no trade, no nepotism, and no intercession. The disbelievers are the unjust”[19]. Similarly, the Holy Quran also highlighted that “you cannot attain righteousness until you give to charity from the possessions you love. Whatever you give to charity, God is fully aware thereof”[20]. Inconsonance to these, the Holy Quran further concluded that; “The believers are steadfast in prayers, and in whose wealth there is a right acknowledged, for the poor and the destitute”[21].
The Almighty Allah guided human being that give charity without any harm and insult and give it to the needy people just for the reward which will be received from the God as stated that; “those who spend their money in the cause of God, then do not follow their charity with insult or harm, will receive their recompense form their Lord; they have nothing to fear, nor will they grieve”[22]. Regarding people shares in Sadaqah the Holy Quran highlighted that “Charities shall go to the poor, the needy, the workers who collect them, the new converts, to free the slaves, to those burdened by sudden expenses, in the cause of Allah, and to the traveling alien. Such is God’s commandment. God is omniscient, most wise”[23]. The Sunnah (living habits of the Prophet Muhammad PBUH) also encourages Muslims to develop individuals economically, socially, spiritually and morally by stating that; "Save yourself from Hell fire even by giving half a date fruit in charity"[24].
1.2Methodology:
This study was carried out with the sole objective to know about Islamic principles and teachings regarding social welfare and its observance in Pakhūtn society. The study focuses on three villages of District Mardan i.e. ‘Gadar-Hamza Khān, Shankar and Jamāl Garhī’. The selected domain of this study is the main hub of agricultural production as most of the lands are owned and farmed by the landholders personally. Through convenient sampling method, a sample size of 30 participants was purposely selected i.e. those who have sufficient land, attached with agriculture production and were financially sound to fulfill the criteria for giving charities. The nature of study is qualitative, that is why an appropriate qualitative tool of data collection i.e. in-depth interview guide was applied to the field for having in-depth interviews with the participants. In qualitative studies the sample size between 30 to500 are appropriate for most researches[25]. The process of data collection were stopped after interviewing thirty participants as the researchers reached to the saturation point and there was no need for further data collection, as no new information were coming out from the interviewee regarding the issue at hand. The data was initially collected in the native language of the participants (Pashtu) which was later on translated into English. Various themes were derived which were properly analyzed and presented descriptively. The results were placed in chronological order where the most repeated items were placed at the top followed by the less occurred responses till the last response.
1.3RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Theme No-1Meaning and Distribution of Zakāt.
The results concluded that all the participants were aware about the concept of Zakāt but were lacking proper knowledge about Quran and Hadith of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) regarding Zakāt besides the fact that some of the participants were highly qualified in formal educational institutions. It could be the reason that the syllabi taught in the educational institutions did not contain enough materials about Islamic teachings. This could also be the reason that religious clerics of the study area mainly focus on prayers in religious sermons but give less attentions to welfare activities. People lack trust in religious clerics and are less attached to religion, this might also be one of the reasons. It was also identified that even some of the participants were not aware about the rank of Zakāt in Islam. Furthermore, when they were asked about reasons, they mentioned that they have less interaction with the religious clerics as they simply went to mosque for attending prayers. Moreover, they also blamed religious clerics with the contentions that they never talked about such important issue in the routine religious sermons, as they only discuss such matter when the crops are produced and the month of paying Zakāt is in progress. They further added that delivering sermons at that time did not attract people as a result they did not learn properly, but considered such sermons as being motivated by self-interests to accumulate more and more financial gains and not for religious purposes.
It was also noted that most participants were unaware about proper calculation and fair distribution of Zakāt. This might be the outcome that very less number of people take help from religious scholars regarding calculation and distribution of Zakāt. It was revealed that most of the Pakhtūns are paying Zakāt particularly on gold, silver and liquid cash, while the rest of the items liable for paying Zakāt are neglected. Furthermore, it was noted that people often pay Zakāt without calculating the actual amount of their assets and only bases it on the previous payment of Zakāt which is possibly erroneous. Because without calculation of their assets, it is possible that some part of the wealth may remain uncounted. Thus, it could be concluded that besides the participants’ claim of paying Zakāt, they did not pay Zakāt in a manner which is directed by almighty Allah. It is a fact that distribution of ‘Zakāt without proper calculation cannot fulfill the criteria of Zakāt disbursement as standardized by Islam. Such practices might results in an obvious deprivation of a large number of needy and poor people in the society.
The results further divulged that some people give Zakāt regularly in the form of liquid cash with the intentions that such cash can be utilized by the receivers in accordance with their needs and priorities, as one of the participant narrated that:
We distribute Zakāt among the poor and needy people especially those who don’t have any source of income. We identify these people by our personal observation and deep knowledge about their household status. Most of the time, or I would say, all the time, we distribute Zakāt in the form of liquid cash as the needy people can fulfill their due and necessary requirements (Interviewee #5)
Moreover, it was identified that all of the participants who pay out Zakāt are distributing the same directly among the needy and deserving people. However, it was noted that none of the individuals distribute Zakāt among those who can’t afford their marriage expenses or having debt over them. It could be the reason that the people may not be aware about others’ debts as in most of cases in Pakhtūns by virtue of their bravery hide their debts and only share the same with those who are close to them. Similarly, marriage is considered as a source of pleasure that is why the people may not give equal attention to it while paying Zakāt. It could also be the reason that such concepts are also neglected by religious clerics while giving sermons on Zakāt.
Theme No-2Participants trust on state agencies in case of Zakāt payment.
The results concluded that people feel satisfaction by giving Zakāt directly to needy people instead of an indirect way i.e. government institutions or other organizations. It could be the reason that while paying Zakāt directly; they become aware about that to whom it was paid which gives a sort of psychological pleasure to the payers. While in case of paying Zakāt to state agencies and other organization, the same are distributed by them without sharing information about whom it was paid to, which in return results in less psychological pleasure. This could also be due to the reason that people have less trust in the state agencies. In addition, most of the participants give first priority to their poor relatives in paying Zakāt due to their strong lineage bounds and more social responsibilities than any other people. In this regard some participants reported that they are paying Zakāt to both relatives and non-relatives including orphans, widows and other needy people of the community. They opined that Zakāt is made for the needy people and must be distributed among them as a participant added that:
I am distributing Zakāt among those who are in need either they are my relatives or non- relatives. In my point of view and according to the Hadith and Holy Quran, Zakāt should be distributed among the poor and needy people. I am taking into account both of the parties while giving Zakāt because relatives and other needy people are both human beings and have their own compulsions and needs (Interviewee #10)
Theme No-3Misinterpretation and myths regarding the concept of Zakāt and ‘Ushar followed by its distributions.
Zakāt and Ushar are two different things in the context of calculation, distribution and liability, as Zakāt is payable on gold, silver, cash, property which are earned. While Ushar is payable on crops or production received from the land. The result concluded that most of the participants misinterpreted both the concepts in terms of its uses and were of the opinion that both are the same. In other words, both Ushar and Zakāt have no difference, if one of them is paid, the duty is done. It could be the reason that in the local context the word Zakāt is used for Ushar. It could also be the reason that most people are having land productions for which they are paying Zakāt.
Some of the participants also claimed that when Ushar is paid then there is no need for paying Zakāt on other assets like gold, silver or cash etc., here clear contradiction was identified between the participants’ opinion and Islamic teachings as Almighty Allah commanded that; “O Believers! Expend in Allah’s way the best portion of the wealth you have earned and of what we have produced for you from the earth”[26].
Similarly, another participant who was supported by many others as well, concluded that I see no difference between Zakāt and Ushar and I give ‘Zakāt on crops in the form of crops or cash to one of our needy family relative and since very long, I haven’t had offer Zakāt on other assets and properties other than crops. I consider that there is only one kind of Zakāt which can be paid either on the production of crops or other assets (Interviewee #3)
This might be the reason that people follow customary practices with respect to charitable acts despite the teachings of Islam. The reasons for this are many, but the main which seems very visible is distracting from religious education in some degrees followed by their lack of factual religious knowledge.
Theme No-4Applicability, Calculation and Distribution of ‘Ushar.
The study results concluded that all the participants were having land of more than 1 acre or 48400 Square yard and they were harvesting more than one crop on their lands. The results further added that the participants were aware about the term Ushar, but they often call it Zakāt of crops. It was further found that about one-fourth of the participants know about the true meaning of Ushar, while the rest claimed Ushar as substitute to Zakāt. They were of the opinion that Zakāt and Ushar are both the same and should be treated as one. This might be the reason of their ignorance about Islamic knowledge and comprehension. It was also divulged that almost all the participants distribute Ushar from their crops production, however, not completely in accordance with Islamic Law. Moreover, it was identified from the results that some of the participants give Ushar from their crops once in a year instead from every production. This might be the reason that they conceptualized Ushar as a substitute of Zakāt which should be paid once in a year. This practice prevailing in the study domain is in contrast with the teaching of Islam which says that Ushar isto be paid on each produced crop whether it is harvested once in a year or twice and there is no condition of the passage of a year[27].
Moreover, most of the participants disburse Ushar consistently and directly to their close poor relatives, neighbors and on priority bases they also pay the same to Imam Masjid (Mosque saint). The result further concluded that none of the Imam masjid refused Ushar, even though if they are rich enough. The local people do not consider the financial stability of Imam Masjid while paying Zakāt due to their prestigious and respectable position in the society. This might be the reason that Pakhtūns’ normative order allows paying of Ushar to Imām Masjid. This could also be the reason that most of the Imam Masjid are poor enough, that is why even if some of them are rich, they are still treated in the same manner as the needy ones. Moreover, the same should also be the reason that the local people believed that when they offer anything from their side to the imams, they will get spiritual satisfaction. As a participant stated that;
I am distributing Ushar to the poor, orphan, widows, saints and other needy people in my village. Among all these, I give priority to the Mosque saint as he is himself demanding. The saint of our Mosque is known to me and to the whole village that he is holding a government service as a middle school teacher. In our locality, he is considered a sacred person because all the people offer prayer behind him. Giving him Ushar and other assistance to him is our Islamic sacred duty and obligation (Interviewee #13)
Hence most of the participants do not have enough information regarding the calculation of Ushar. The results revealed that most of the lands or farms were irrigated through various means, but Ushar were distributed almost in a similar manner. Moreover, crops harvested through rain were also treated in a similar analogy. This could be the reason that the participants were lacking proper knowledge regarding the teachings of Islam. The study further highlighted that most of the participants were distributing Ushar in the form of cash with the contentions that distributing cash provides an opportunity to multiple needy people. They further added that cash would also meet their needs according to their requirements. In addition, very few of the participants were giving Ushar in the form of whatever crops they have grown i.e. wheat, rice, corn or other vegetables. Such practices may also result to some errors while converting crops into cash.
Theme No-5Socio-economic importance of Zakāt and ‘Ushar for needy and poor people.
Results of this research affirmed that distribution of Zakāt and Ushar has positive impact on the lives of poor people and it promotes socio-economic security, financial satisfaction, and needs fulfillment of the needy people. It’s played a pivotal role in the development of any society and strengthens social relations, cohesion and peaceful environment to societal members. It’s also contributed in the way of poverty reduction followed by mitigation in greedy and selfish attitudes of the people within a particular society. Furthermore, the fair distribution of Zakāt and Ushar avoids social disparity in society in accumulation of wealth because, it rejects the concept of haves and haves not which is the attribute of capitalist social structure. Moreover, Zakāt and Ushar provide a balanced socio-economic system and contributes in a way to builds a welfare state. Thus, Zakāt and Ushar are beneficial for the economic improvement of the destitute people of the society, because by paying Zakāt and ‘Ushar , poor people can fulfill their basic needs e.g. foods, clothes and shelter. Most of the participants endorsed the idea of moral, social and economic development of society by giving Zakāt and Ushar to the indigent people who agrees with the conclusion that Zakāt is the pivot and hub of the Islamic public finance and it covers moral, social and economic spheres[28].
Theme No- 6The practice, importance and meaning of Sadaqah:
The results of the study show that the participants are aware of the concept of Sadaqah , and they are offering the same to the poor, needy and destitute people including neighbors, Imam Masjid, relatives, orphans, widows and wayfarers. Just like Zakāt and ‘Ushar, most of the participants preferred their relatives while giving charity. But surprisingly, it was revealed from most of the participants, that Sadaqah cannot be given to Non-Muslims and they strongly asserted that, Zakāt, Ushar or Sadaqah must be given to Muslims only. They further added that offering Sadaqah to Non-Muslims is also against the ‘Pakhtūnwalī’, to disburse charity among those with whom we have some kind of dispute or enmity and claimed that Sadaqah should only be given to those with whom a person doesn’t have any sort of conflict or dispute. While in case of Non-Muslim if there is no manifest conflict but latent conflict is every time present in the form of ideological differences. Such belief regarding Sadaqah was totally in contrast of Islamic injunctions, wherein; Zakāt should only be given to Muslims, while charity could be given to both Muslims and Non-Muslims. Furthermore, most of the participants explained the term in the socio-economic and spiritual context and viewed that Sadaqah is a sort of financial help for the poor and needy people, a participant stated that:
I give Sadaqah to the poor people whenever I see them in distress. Helping them in needs will help us in the hereafter. As a Muslim, I am certain that I would be awarded double for what I spend in the way of Allah(Interviewee #17)
Some participants described Sadaqah as an act of righteousness as well as an order from Allah Almighty. They further added that Sadaqah can take away troubles from a person’s life. The results also suggested that most of the people offered Sadaqah secretly while a small number of the participants believed that giving charity either overtly or covertly is not the actual purpose, but the real purpose is to help poor. However, Islamic literature describes that Zakāt should be given overtly and giving Sadaqah covertly have greater positive consequences as Allah says that: “if you make the alms open, it is good enough, and if you keep it secret and give it to the needy, it is far better for you. And this will write off part of your sins. And Allah is all aware of what you do”[29].
Moreover, few participants highlighted that Sadaqah should be given on priority basis to needy neighbors, wayfarers and Imam Masjid on urgent basis when they were in need as prompt disbursement of Sadaqah is far better than later. In addition, majority participants supported the idea that relatives should be given priority while offering any kind of charity. Such kinds of thinking are also supported by the Islamic welfare model. They further added that the fair distribution of charity would fulfill the actual definition of Sadaqah.
Theme No- 7The practice of ṣadaqah tul fiṭar.
The results showed that participants are also aware about the term Sadaqat ul-fiṭar (Obligatory charity on all Muslims in the month of ‘Ramadan’). The same was termed as ‘Fiṭrāna in Pakhtūn Society and they were very regular and punctual in paying ‘Fiṭrāna’. Results further revealed that they offered ‘Fiṭrāna’ before offering ‘Eid-ul-Fitar’ (Eid after Ramadan) prayers in the form of charity in liquid cash to the Mosque’s saint. They also claimed that saint is the most deserved person on grounds of his full devotion to Mosque, weaker financial position and dependency on people resources as a participant stated that;
It is very important and necessary to give ‘Fiṭrāna’ to a Mosque Saint as he is a deserved religious figure who renders his services to the village and mosque. He is the one who stays in Mosque for day and night, for weeks, for months and years and years, delivers Quranic and Islamic knowledge to our children, resolves conflicts among the people, settles social matters in the village, and performs funerals of the dead etc. So, I would advise that everyone should give ‘Fiṭrāna’ and other charities and alms to Mosque Saint on priority basis (Interviewee #21)
Furthermore, few participants claimed that ‘Fiṭrāna should also be given to the poor relatives, passerby or neighbors etc. The study revealed that all the participants were paying Sadaqat ul-fitarfor all heads in the family members ranging from new born baby to the most aged one.
Theme No- 8Lack of Religious Knowledge and low adherence to Religious teachings regarding charity.
The study identified that currently society is full of various social evils in the form of moral and spiritual illness and most people are engaged in the unlawful activities and they do not think of the coming life in the hereafter. The greedy attitudes of people towards the accumulation of wealth by unlawful means are increasing day by day due to lesser awareness of religious teachings. In such a social setup, the religious practices and care for the wellbeing of the humanity will become lesser which further deteriorate the equilibrium between rich and poor and contribute more with regard to the materialistic conception and orientation of people. It was noted that people of the modern world are much prone to media and are busy in their daily chores for earning money for their subsistence. In addition, they are worry for their future in the present world which constrains them from thinking and adhering to religion and its orders regarding charity. It was contended that the aforementioned factors are mainly responsible for people deviation from their religious duties and obligations and refraining them from welfare of other human beings, cooperation and brotherliness in the society.
1.3Conclusion and Recommendations:
The religion of Islam emphasizes on charity and extension of welfare activities to poor and needy people. The study concluded that the respondents to this research in Pakhtūn are aware of the concepts of Zakāt, Ushar , Sadaqah and ‘Fitrāna’; however, they are lacking enough knowledge about fair calculation and distribution of the Zakāt. The concept of Zakāt and Ushar were used interchangeably in Pakhtūn society being having similar meaning for the common people. In most of the cases, similar procedure of Zakāt was adopted for Ushar, beside the fact that different means were adopted to cultivate the crops. Fewer attentions were given to paying Zakāt than Ushar and ‘Fitrāna’ and Imam Masjid, blood relatives and neighbors were utmost priority in this regard. It was also concluded that charities could contribute in the way of decreasing poverty and uplifting socio-economic status of the poor and needy people. Creating awareness regarding Islamic teachings about welfare among the common people, observance of Islamic principles and teachings in true spirit, inclusion of reading materials about Islam in the syllabi and that religious clerics should stress more on welfare in religious sermons. All these are policy recommendations in light of the findings of this study.
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- ↑ .Al-Qur'an 2: 271 Interviewees Information: S/NoFictitious Name Location 1 Interviewee #01Ghadar-Hamza Khan 2Interviewee #02Ghadar-Hamza Khan3Interviewee #03Ghadar-Hamza Khan4Interviewee #04 Ghadar-Hamza Khan5Interviewee #05 Ghadar-Hamza Khan6Interviewee #06Ghadar-Hamza Khan7Interviewee #07 Ghadar-Hamza Khan8Interviewee #08 Ghadar-Hamza Khan9Interviewee #09Ghadar-Hamza Khan10Interviewee #10Ghadar-Hamza Khan11Interviewee #11Jamal Garhi 12Interviewee #12 Jamal Garhi13Interviewee #13 Jamal Garhi14Interviewee #14 Jamal Garhi15Interviewee #15Jamal Garhi16Interviewee #16Jamal Garhi17Interviewee #17Jamal Garhi18Interviewee #18Jamal Garhi19Interviewee #19Jamal Garhi20Interviewee #20Jamal Garhi21Interviewee #21Shankar 22Interviewee #22Shankar23Interviewee #23Shankar24Interviewee #24Shankar25Interviewee #25Shankar26Interviewee #26Shankar27Interviewee #27Shankar28Interviewee #18Shankar29Interviewee #29Shankar30Interviewee #30Shankar