پروفیسر سید احتشام حسین
پروفیسر سید احتشام حسین صدر شعبۂ اردو الٰہ آباد یونیورسٹی کی ناگہانی وفات علمی و ادبی دنیا کا بڑا سانحہ ہے، مرحوم اس دور کے چوٹی کے ادیبوں اور نقادوں میں تھے، ترقی پسند ادب کے تو معلم و رہنما تھے، اس دور کے نوجوان ادیبوں کی پوری نسل ان سے متاثر ہوئی، جدید ادب کے ساتھ قدیم ادبیات پر بھی ان کی نظر بڑی گہری، اور مبصرانہ تھی، اور وہ اس کی اچھی روایات کے بھی قدرشناس تھے، لسانیات سے بھی واقف تھے، انھوں نے سیکڑوں ادبی و تنقیدی مضامین اور بعض مستقل کتابیں لکھیں، اگرچہ وہ ترقی پسندوں کے امام تھے لیکن ان کے خیالات میں بڑا اعتدال و توازن اور زبان و قلم دونوں میں بڑی شایستگی تھی، اس لئے جدید کے ساتھ قدیم طبقہ میں بھی ان کی بڑی قدر تھی، وہ ابتداء میں لکھنؤ یونیورسٹی کے شعبۂ اردو کے لکچر مقرر ہوئے اور تقریباً ۱۵- ۱۶ سال اس عہدہ پر رہے، پھر الٰہ آباد یونیورسٹی اردو کے صدر ہوگئے تھے، اردو کی تمام اہم مجالس کے ممتاز رکن تھے، کوئی اہم ادبی اجتماع ان کے بغیر کامیاب نہ سمجھا جاتا تھا، انھوں نے مختلف حیثیتوں سے اردو کی بڑی قیمتی خدمات انجام دیں اور ہر محاذ پر اردو کے مخالفین کا مقابلہ کیا۔
ان علمی کمالات کے ساتھ وہ طبعاً بڑے متین، سنجیدہ، شریف اور وضعدار تھے، ان کے علم سے زیادہ ان کے اخلاق و شرافت کا اثر پڑتا تھا، دارالمصنفین سے ان کو دہرا تعلق تھا، ایک علمی و ادبی دوسرا وطنی، ماہل ضلع اعظم گڑھ ان کا وطن تھا، ہائی اسکول تک ان کی تعلیم بھی اعظم گڑھ میں ہوئی تھی، اسی زمانہ سے ان کو دارالمصنفین سے تعلق تھا، جو ہر زمانہ میں یکساں قائم رہا، جب تک وہ لکھنؤ میں رہے، اکثر ان...
Islamic Shariah provides a complete code of life, as man can take guidance from Shariah, regarding each and every aspect of his life. Commerce plays a pivot role in human life which has been mentioned time and again in Quran and Hadith. According to one Tradition, Allah has affixed and set 10 parts of sustenance and in these ten parts, nine are in Trade. In Shariah the luminary Islamic scholars and jurists have deputed peculiar and separate subjects with different titles regarding Trade, the most famous and acknowledged are "Kitab-ul-Mutajir" and "Kitab-ul-Biyou". Islam elevates and upgrades those who toil and labour hard, among them the Labourer has prominent state and he is above all among them. According to the sacred utterance of Hazrat Muhammad SAWW: "You should pay the labourer his wages before his sweat dries away”. In the present era, no one can deny this fact that this world has become a global village, therefore new ways and system of commercial are in vogue and being applied besides some traditional ways. Such as Banking System, E-Purchasing, Online shopping and some other modes and means. In these traditional, latest and new trading systems, usually the labourers are being exploited because they are given less poor wages than their rigorous toilsome labour. However in the under discussion article the labourer rights and their utmost implementation in the trade of present era would be reviewed and analyzed in the light of Seerat-ulNabi SAWW.
The Glorious Qur‟an is a Book revealed on our Prophet (S.A.W), a complete guide book for entire humanity which covers all spheres of human life. Since the creation of Adam(A.S), human thoughts have been continuously passing through an evolution. The Creator of the Universe bestowed human beings with knowledge and reasoning. On the basis of which he ponders over creation of the Lord and in its light and guidance he explores new vistas of life. It has been ingrained in his nature to investigate mysteries of this Universe. To seek the consent and obedience of Allah is also part of all human beings‟ nature. In order to fulfill this natural desire, Almighty Allah sent His Prophets and Holy Books. The Qur‟an is the last of such revealed books which has been guiding human beings for the last one thousand and four hundred years. Human thought is liable to faults and errors. The Holy Qur‟an, being an explicit text, also gives the road map to faulty and erratic thinking and beliefs so they might adopt an enlightened path for the success in this world and the Hereafter. In all ages or eras, the Ulama always played a vital role to sort out problems of human beings and tried to guide them by explaining the teachings of the Holy Qur‟an in the light of the explanation given by the Prophet (S.A.W), his followers and the succeeding generations respectively. After dominance of western thoughts and culture, human thought has appeared in altogether different grab than the past. The present age is replete with the specimens of western hegemony in the field of science and technology. The western civilization, at present, rules over the muslim world, in terms of political, social and economic context. The modern western thought treats religion as something “additional” or “irrelevant”, whereas previously, the existence of God as an unseen supreme power, the soul, and the life after death – were considered as three vital points of human thought and struggle. The clergy played the dominant role in determining the sources of the blessings and bounties of God, as well as the interpretation of religious text. But very soon a change occurred and the clergy was replaced by the advent of “Modernism”, “Liberalism”, “Marxism”, etc. These new movements raised a lot of questions even the existence of God was also questioned by the philosophers. Now, Universe, human existence and worldly life all three have become the centre of attention for the modern man. To provide material goods and luxuries to human body and getting happiness is now the central point of modern philosophy. The right of interpretation and explanation of religious text is given to individuals. The welfare or prosperity of human beings has been relocated. Now it is based on “rationalization” rather than “religion”. This modern thinking of the west also raised a challenging question before whole muslim world whether Islamic teachings are useful for the present modern age. Egypt was one of those leading muslim countries where this question seemed most crucial. This reinforcement of the western thought took place in Egypt in the nineteenth century. As a result of this increasing hegemony of westernized thought, the Muslim Scholars and Ulama explained that Islam is relevant and applicable for all times and ages. One aspect of their struggle has been the explanation of the Holy Qur‟an as a vibrant source for solving new emerging situations and problems. A social reformer, an erudite scholar and a thinker Mufti Muhammad Abduhu played a pioneer role by pronouncing that the Holy Qur‟an has potential for revival of Islamic Thought. The topic of this research is based on analytical study of Mufti Muhammad Abduhu‟s explanation of the Qur‟an. The research aims at: (a) Whether pioneer modern exegete Muhammad Abduhu has guided the muslims in contemporary problems. (b) Does his exegesis of the Qur‟an show any impact of western thought and ideology? This exegesis of the Qur‟an is analyzed by dividing the thesis in two sections. These two sections are dealt logically. First section deals with the history of exegesis, its origin, evolution as well as rules pertaining to the acceptance or rejection of exegesis. Second section deals with the rules applied or followed by Mufti Muhammad Abduhu and his methodology. I have tried to describe and analyze the viewpoint and approach of Muhammad Abduhu regarding the Uloom-ul-Quran which are necessary for an exegete, such as Asbaab-ul-Nazool, Nasikh-o-Mansookh etc. In the last I have tried to present the descriptive and analytical study of Muhammad Abduhu‟s explanation of the verses pertaining to Islamic beliefs (Aqaid) as well as social, political and economic affairs (Ahkam).