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خود شناسی خدا شناسی ہے

خودشناسی خدا شناسی ہے
اللہ تعالیٰ نے ہر چیز جو پیدا فرمائی ہے اس کی ایک شناخت ہے، سورج کی ا یک شناخت ہے کہ وہ مشرق سے طلوع ہوتا ہے اور مغرب میں غروب ہوتا ہے۔ ستارے رات کو چمک کر شب دیجور کے لیے ضیاکا سامان بہم پہنچاتے ہیں اور مسافرانِ شب کے لیے خضر راہ بنتے ہیں تو یہ ستاروں کی ایک شناخت ہے، فلک بوس پہاڑ اور جبال شامخہ کا ایک طویل سلسلہ بھی اپنی شناخت رکھتا ہے۔ الغرض دنیا و مافیہا ہر چیز اپنی شناخت رکھتی ہے۔ جس کے باعث اس کا وجود قائم ہے۔
انسان کی بھی ایک شناخت ہے کہ وہ حیوان ناطق ہے اور ذوی العقول ہے، اس کی چال ڈھال، اس کی نشست و برخاست، اس کا قیام وقعود، اس کی گفت وشنید اس کو دیگر مخلوقات سے ممتاز کرتی ہے، اور پھر قرآن پاک اس کو اشرف المخلوقات کا لقب عطا فرما کر انسانیت کی معراج پرمتمکن بنادیتا ہے، اس سے بڑھ کر مسلمان جو اسلام کے زیور سے مرصعّ ہے، جس نے دینِ اسلام کا تاج اپنے سر پر سجایا ہوا ہے، جس نے عشق مصطفی صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم کی خلعت ِفاخرہ زیب تن کی ہوئی ہے اس کی بھی ایک شناخت ہے، اور وہ یہ کہ ارشادِ رسالت مآب صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم ہے ’’مسلمان وہ ہے جس کے ہاتھ اور زبان سے دوسرے مسلمان محفوظ رہیں‘‘ یعنی اسلام کے دعویدار تو بے شمار ہیں لیکن دینِ اسلام کے احکام پر عمل پیرا حقیقت میں وہی ہے جو مذکورہ حدیث پاک کے مطابق اپنی شناخت رکھتا ہے۔
کرسی عدالت پر بیٹھ کر فیصلہ سنانے والے منصف کی ایک شناخت ہے۔ شفاخانوں میں موجود مریضوں کے علاج کرنے والا مسیحا کی ایک شناخت ہے، سرحدوں پر مامور محافظ مجاہد کی ایک...

Impact of Women Empowerment on Fertility Preferences in Pakistan

Reproduction is an important aspect of a women's life, unfortunately in Pakistan fertility rates are quite high in comparison to other developing countries as well as in comparison to the other South Asian countries. Different studies have suggested that women empowerment can help reduce fertility rates. The present study has attempted to analyze the role of women empowerment along with other socioeconomic indicators on three different dimensions of the fertility behavior i.e. Number of children born (current fertility status), ideal number of children and birth intervals (future fertility status. Data of Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2012-13 has been used. The analysis consists of two levels, at level one a descriptive analysis is carried out. As three different aspects of fertility are the count data. Therefore at the next stage models will be estimated by using poison regression technique and Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR) are reported. It has been found that women’s being empowered in financial matters, seeking health care and in household decision making are helpful in reducing fertility. Furthermore, participation in job by women, living in urban areas, having secondary or higher education, access to awareness created by the media, married at higher age are also significant factors in reducing fertility. However, women facing incidence of miscarriage or death of a child tends to increase the fertility. Study had found that wealth of the household, education of husband and having sons have very limited role on the fertility behavior.

The Implementation of Student-Centered Teaching in Grade Four and Six Mathematics Classrooms

This research was conducted in a private school to explore the processes and issues related to teachers' implementation of student-centered teaching approach in mathematics classrooms. Within the qualitative paradigm, I used the case study approach to explore the perceptions of my research participants about the student-centered teaching. It is commonly observed that most of our schools are using teacher-centered approaches. As a result, students' conceptual understanding is weak. It is an observation that such kinds of approaches are not successful in our context, because it is an observation that most of the students fail in mathematics. Therefore, the students perceive mathematics to be the most difficult subject. This problem is important, because as long as a reform in teaching approaches is not introduced, mathematics learning remains ineffective in schools. Thus, my aim was to search for such approaches which could be effective for student learning. Moreover, the purpose of this research was to improve my pedagogy and introduce an alternative approach in my own school, where mathematics is taught through teacher-centered approach. I selected the student-centered teaching approach (SCTA) for this purpose, so that I could study the process through which this approach affects students' learning of mathematics. It came to my knowledge that some private schools of Karachi, Pakistan, are using the Student-Centered Teaching Approach (SCTA). I decided to conduct my research in a private secondary school to see how SCTA was being implemented in the mathematics classroom. I conducted a qualitative research there and my method was an exploratory case study. I chose two mathematics teachers. One was teaching class IV and the other was teaching class VI. I observed six teaching sessions of each of them, along with conducting post-observation discussions and three interviews. The findings revealed that teachers were aware of studentcentered teaching and the strategies of its implementation. It was found that the teachers were implementing SCTA to some extent, because they used problem-solving and asking questions as the strategies for implementation of SCTA. It also was found out that they had a limited understanding of using these strategies. The research participants did less than what they were claiming. Thus, the study recommends that if the teachers are provided with concrete training opportunities, their teaching practices regarding SCTA will improve significantly.
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