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غلام فرید کاٹھیا کے افسانے(موضوعاتی مطالعہ)

غلام فرید کاٹھیا کے افسانے
( موضوعاتی مطالعہ)
سرزمین ساہیوال شروع ہی سے علم و ادب کے جگمگاتے ستاروں یعنی شاعروں، نثر نگاروں،سخن وروں، دانشوروں اور ادباء کا مرکز رہی ہے۔اس مٹی سے بہت سی نامور علمی و ادبی شخصیات نے جنم لیا۔ 60 کی دہائی میں ’’کیفے ڈی روز‘‘ دبستان ساہیوال والوں کے لیے ادبی سرگرمیوں کا ایک یادگار، اولین اور مرکزی ٹھکانہ تھا۔ شاعروں،دانشوروں،نثر نگاروں اور ادیبوں کی رات دیر تک کی بیٹھکوں کے سبب کیفے کی شامیں پر رونق رہتیں۔مجید امجد ،مراتب اختر،منیر نیازی ، ظفر اقبال،مصطفی زیدی و دیگر عظیم شاعروں اور دانشوروں کا ایک گروہ اپنے ادبی سفر کے لیے اسی دھرتی سے چلا اور بعد میں اردو ادب کے وقار کا باعث بنا۔ان شعراء و ادباء کے بعد 2000ء کی دہائی سے اب تک اس علمی سفر کو آگے بڑھانے والوں میں جہاں رزاق شاہد ،لقمان شیدائی،ڈاکٹر کاظم بخاری ، علی وارث انصاری ،محمود علی محمود ،سرفراز تبسم ، غضنفر عباس سید ،شہزاد انجم ،مرتضی ساجد ، جہانگیرقمر، اوصاف شیخ ، مشتاق عادل، فاروق اظہر، امین رضا، ناز کفیل گیلانی، قمر شفیق، مطلوب حسین ،عمران اسلم، سید علی ثانی، نعیم نقوی، مظفر حسین وڑائچ ، زاہد حسین رانا، ملک مہر علی، ندیم عباس اشرف، پیراظہر فرید، اسلم سحاب ہاشمی، بابرصغیر، سجاد نعیم، افتخار شفیع، شاہد رضوان، اختر خان، ریاض ہمدانی، علی اظہر خان، راحت جبیں، سعید خان، اورنگزیب ، رانی آکاش، حنا جمشید، بیگم افتخار نذیر، اللہ یار ثاقب، نورین کیانی اور دیگر شعراء و ادباء کے نام قابل ذکر ہیں،وہیں اس صف میں ہمیں ایک جدید اور بہترین اسلوب کے مالک افسانہ نگار ’’مہر غلام فرید کاٹھیا‘‘ بھی نظر آتے ہیں۔غلام فرید کاٹھیا نے اردو ادب میں بڑا نام کمایا، بڑی محنت اور لگن سے ادب کے لیے خدمات سر انجام دیں اور اردو ادب کے قابل قدر اسلوب...

حضرت ہندہ رضی اللہ عنہا سے متعلق تاریخی روایات کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Some Historians have blamed on Hadrat Hind (R.A) that she mutilated the corpse and chewed the liver of Hadrat Hamza (R.A), which is the cruelty of a specific group of the opponents of Companions. But the Text Book Board of KPK has included exactly these narrations in the curriculum of Urdu compulsory of fifth class. Firstly, this incident was happened before accepting Islam, and when she accepted Islam then there is no blame can be raised upon her on this incident. But definitely, these narrations impact the mind of children. It was necessary to test the authenticity of these narrations before including in curriculum. In this article, some Historical narrations regarding Hadrat Hind (R.A) have been chosen, and some authentic narrations from Ahadith Books have been presented in order to reject these Historical narrations in a scholarly manner.

Molecular Epidemiology and Drug Resistance Analysis of Malaria Parasitic Species

Malaria is a devastating disease for the world and it is also endemic in Pakistan. This study was undertaken to determine the current epidemiology and antimalarial resistance of Plasmodium species, across Pakistan. This malariometric population survey was conducted in 2011 using blood samples collected from 801 febrile patients of all ages in four provinces and the capital city of Islamabad. Microscopically confirmed Plasmodium-positive blood samples were later reconfirmed by PCR. Of the 707 PCR-positive samples, Plasmodium falciparum infection was found in 128, Plasmodium vivax in 536 and mixed infection of P. falciparum plus P. vivax in 43 isolates. Ninety-four microscopy-positive samples were PCR-negative and results were reconfirmed by repeating PCR. None of the isolates was positive for Plasmodium malariae or Plasmodium ovale DNA. Although microscopy is gold standard for malaria diagnosis but in our study PCR showed diagnostic sensitivity and specificity over microscopy in malaria speciation. Limited numbers of studies have been carried out in Pakistan to establish the efficacy for treatment of P. falciparum and P. vivax with chloroquine (CQ) and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP), as CQ plus primaquine is recommended for P. vivax treatment and SP in combination with artesunate to P. falciparum. So we investigated molecular resistance markers in the pfcrt, pfmdr1, pfdhfr and pfdhps genes and determined the origin of chloroquine-resistant in P. falciparum parasites across several sites in Pakistan. Pyrosequencing, microsatellite typing and real-time PCR techniques were used for molecular characterization. The pfcrt K76T mutation was found in all samples as part of the SVMNT haplotype. Microsatellites flanking pfcrt showed high similarity to the signature found in India and Papua New Guinea. Pfmdr1 N86Y was found in 20% of samples and all samples carried a one copy of the pfmdr1 gene. The pfdhfr double mutation C59R+S108N was present in 87% of samples while the pfdhfr triple mutant (N51I+C59R+S108N) was not detected. Pfdhps A437G was found in 60% of samples. Pure pfdhps K540E was rare, at 4%, but mixed genotype 540K/E was found in 77% of samples. Similarly, pure pfdhps A581G was found in 4% of the isolates while mixed 581A/G was found in 39% of samples. Plasmodium vivax is the most common human malaria species in Pakistan. This study presents pattern of polymorphisms in the pvdhfr, pvdhps and pvmdr1 genes conferring drug resistance in P. vivax among Pakistani isolates. Out of 579 PCR-confirmed (536 P. vivax and 43 P. vivax/P. falciparum mixed infection) samples, 372 isolates were randomly selected for further molecular characterization by sequencing and real-time PCR. Seventy six of the isolates (23%) were double mutant at positions S58R and S117N in pvdhfr. Additionally, two mutations at positions N50I and S93H were observed in 55 (15%) and 24 (7%) of samples, respectively. Three 18 base pair insertion-deletions (indels) were observed in pvdhfr, with two insertions at different nucleotide positions in 36 isolates and deletions in 10. Ninety-two percent of samples contained the pvdhps (S382/A383G/K512/A553/V585) SAKAV wild type haplotype. For pvmdr1, all isolates were wild type at position Y976F and 335 (98%) carried the mutation at codon F1076L. All isolates harboured single copy of the pvmdr1 gene. Malaria epidemiological results of this study indicate that malaria infections in Pakistan are largely attributed by P. vivax then P. falciparum and mixed species (P. vivax + P. falciparum) infections are also prevalent. In addition, regional variation in the prevalence and species composition of malaria is high in this region. The P. falciparum drug resistance results suggest an emerging problem of multi-drug resistant in Pakistan. The chloroquine resistance genotype has reached complete fixation in the population, with a microsatellite pattern indicative of a selective sweep. Moreover, the incidence of mutations in both pfdhfr and pfdhps, albeit without the presence of the pfdhfr triple mutant, indicates that therapeutic efficacy trials are warranted to assess whether SP remains efficacious drug in combination with artesunate for the treatment of P. falciparum. P. vivax molecular studies showed that the prevalence of mutations associated with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance is low in Pakistan. The high prevalence of P. vivax mutant pvmdr1 codon F1076L indicates that efficacy of chloroquine plus primaquine could be in danger of being compromised, but further studies are required to assess its clinical relevance. These findings will serve as a baseline for further monitoring of drug-resistant P. vivax malaria in Pakistan.
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