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وادیِ خار میں گل رخی آگئی


وادیٔ خار میں گُل رُخی آگئی
دشت و صحرا میں بھی تازگی آگئی
جسم بے جان میں جان سی آگئی
چہرۂ زرد پر بھی خوشی آگئی
جانبِ تیرہ شب چاندنی آگئی
مصطفیؐ آ گئے ، روشنی آگئی
صبح پُر نور میں کیا صباحت ہے آج
تابِ خورشید میں کتنی راحت ہے آج
شام کے وقت میں بھی ملاحت ہے آج
میرے آقاﷺ کا یومِ وِلادت ہے آج
کیسی ماحول میں دلکشی آگئی
مصطفیؐ آ گئے ، روشنی آگئی
پوچھتے ہو کہ کیوں شاد عرفان ہے
’’یَفْرَحوا‘‘ خاص فرمان قرآن ہے
اہلِ ایمان کا جزوِ ایمان ہے
آج میلاد محبوبِ رحمان ہے
سب غلاموں میں وارفتگی آگئی
مصطفیؐ آ گئے ، روشنی آگئی

Principles and Rules of Jihad: A Juristic Approach

Jihad is a sacred term and a sacred endeavor as well, but unfortunately it has been misunderstood and misused in many cases, therefore its elaboration and explanation is needed from various aspects. This article deals with the principles and rules of Jihad. At the beginning, the concept of jihad has been expounded, then motivations of war of the period of ignorance have been discussed. Those  motivations have been brought in to focus which Islam has recognized. For instance defending of religion and faith, safeguarding the territory of Muslims, eradication of persecution, eradication of Internal enemies, support for the oppressed Muslims etc. The purpose of jihad has also been discussed, while principles and rules of jihad make the next part of the article. In this regard views of a well-known medieval Hanafi jurist Imam Hasan al- Shaybani   with  the commentary of contemporary  scholars have been produced.

Agronomic Biofortification of Wheat With Zinc and Iron under Different Nitrogen Regimes

Low available zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) concentrations in about 50% of the global land resulted in Zn and Fe deficiency of cereal grains. Nitrogen (N) fertilization not only increase the wheat grain yield but also facilitate the uptake of Fe and Zn in wheat grain. Improving N availability to plants brings significant increase in shoot Fe content and uptake and accumulation of Zn in wheat plants. Thus, an experiment was conducted at the Cereal Crop Research Institute (CCRI) Pirsabak, Noweshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan during 2014-15 and 2015-16 to study the response of wheat to N, Zn and Fe (micro-nutrients, MN) application. Treatments included three levels of N (90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1), three concentrations of Zn and Fe (i.e. 1, 2, 3 kg ha-1) each along with two controls i.e. no micro nutrients no water (unsprayed check) and no micro nutrients + water (sprayed check). The N was soil applied and MN was applied as foliar spray at booting stage. The experiment was arranged in RCBD, with four replications. Days to anthesis, leaf area tiller-1, leaf area index, plant height, days to physiological maturity, spike m-2, grains spike-1, thousand-grains weight, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, grain Zn-concentration, grain Fe-concentration, grain protein content, grain gluten content were significantly increased by both N and Zn while the same parameters except days to anthesis, days to physiological maturity and spike m-2 were also significantly enhanced by using Zn. The use of Zn (3 kg ha-1) and Fe (1 kg ha-1) with 120 kg ha-1 of N significantly improved the grain yield (34.6%) of wheat over unsprayed check. The use of Zn and Fe at the rate of 3 kg ha-1 each with 150 kg ha-1 of N improved the grain quality parameters i.e. grain protein (24.5%), grain gluten (23%) and Fe content (29%) of wheat grains over unsprayed check. Application of Zn and Fe at the rate of 3 and 1 kg ha-1, respectively with 150 kg ha-1 of N resulted in increased grain Zn concentration (58%) of wheat over unsprayed check. It was concluded that wheat grain yield can be enhanced by using nitrogen at the rate of 120 kg ha-1 with Zn and Fe at the rate of 3 and 1 kg ha-1, respectively. The same combination also proved to be cost effective as compared to other treatments studied. However, quality wheat grains can be produced by applying Zn and Fe at the rate of 3 kg ha-1 each with 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen.
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