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ڈاکٹر الکزنڈر کرم برون

ڈاکٹر الکزنڈر کرم برون

            اڈنبرا یونیورسٹی کے مشہور ماہر کیمیات ڈاکٹر الکزنڈر کرم برون کا ۸۵ سال کی عمر میں ا نتقال ہوا۔ انھوں نے تقریباً ۵۰ سال تک یونیورسٹی میں خدمات انجام دی تھیں اور تمام دنیا میں اپنے فن کے مستند استاد تسلیم کیے جاتے تھے۔ (جنوری ۱۹۲۳ء)

 

روایتی بینکاری نظام کے ارتقائی مراحل کا تحقیقی جائزہ

The concept of keeping wealth in a safe place dates to centuries. Ancient civilizations had diverse means of storing wealth in the form of crops, cattle, precious metals etc. The evolution of modern banking practice began with the introduction of receipts which were exchanged against precious metals and coins deposited to goldsmiths for safe keeping. Whenever the need for payments and transactions arose the holder of the receipts used to utilize the receipts as guarantee. The society used to honor these receipts as they carried the same weight as other precious metals. Receipts were swapped in place of precious metals and thus for all practical purposes paper was introduced as currency in the society. With the advent of currency notes the system of traditional banking came into being. Since then the banking system has gone through continuous change. The present banking system is geared up to meet the present and the future requirements of modern age. In the contemporary world money is now being steadily replaced by banknotes, cheques, pay orders, bank draft, ATM cards, debit cards, credit cards, e-banking.

Physiological Basis of Heat Stress Tolerance in Mungbean Vigna Radiata Germplasm

This study focused on the high temperature tolerance of mungbean varieties using plexiglass canopy to increase the prevailing high temperature. The plant measurements were made for heat induced changes growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange, osmolytes accumulation, oxidative stress and antioxidative response, shoot, root and seed nutrient and yield attributes at different growth stages. Data revealed that heat tolerance in mungbean was variable at three prime foliation and flowering stages. The varieties exhibiting prolific root system and leaf area (e.g., NM-2011 and NM-2006) were more tolerance to heat stress. Heat stress caused the loss of chlorophyll and inhibition of the leaf gas exchange. The tolerant varieties incurred a minimum loss of photosynthetic pigments; more importantly increased carotenoids contents were closely associated to heat tolerance. Among the studied osmolytes, the accumulation of soluble sugars and GB at flowering stage contribute greatly to heat tolerance in the studied varieties. Due to high temperature, the production of hydrogen peroxide (as reactive oxygen species) and malondialdehyde was seen, but the tolerant varieties produced minimum amounts of these oxidative stress metabolites, while the accumulation of phenolics, anthocyanin, and ascorbic acid were able to possibly protect the membrane especially in the tolerant varieties. The success of the tolerant varieties in displaying greater pod growth and seed yield characters appeared to be due maintenance of greater nutrient contents both in the shoot and root tissues especially under excessive high temperature stress. In conclusion, mungbean showed a large genetic variability for tolerance to heat stress at flowering and maturity stages. This implied that the varieties with a tendency to maintain greater nutrient contents was better able to withstand heat stress conditions. Among the studied attributes, the heat stress induced oxidative stress appeared to be a main reason for mungbean susceptibility to high temperature. Future studies will further our understanding on heat tolerance mechanisms and mungbean improvement programs for better growth in warmer areas.
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