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لوطی حرکات

دیہات میں قابل ڈاکٹروں کا فقدان

                آج تک یہ المیہ ہی بنا ہوا ہے کہ شہروں میں زیادہ سہولتیں ہوتی ہیں اور دیہاتوں میں زندگی سہولتوںسے دور ہوتی ہے۔اسی بات کی وجہ سے لوگ شہروں کا رخ کرلیتے ہیںاور دیہاتوں میں پہلے سے بھی کم لوگ رہ جاتے ہیں۔جو افراد تعلیمی میدان کوفتح کرلیتے ہیںتو وہ دیہات میں رہنا پسند نہیںکرتے ،بوریا بستر سمیت شہروں کی طرف نکل پڑتے ہیں۔جیسے وہ پڑھائی ہی اس لیے کرتے ہیں کہ وہ شہروں کی طرف زندگی کو لے جاسکیں۔

                ناطق نے بھی کہانی کے آغاز میں قاری کی توجہ اسی طرف مبذول کرائی ہے کہ دیہاتی زندگی بہت سادہ ہوتی ہے۔جہاں قابل ڈاکٹروں کا فقدان ہوتا ہے قابل ڈاکٹرز کا اس لیے کہ وہاں جو کوئی سیانا ہوتا ہے تو اسے علاج معالجے کیلئے مقرر کر لیا جاتاہے۔وہ اب چھوٹی موٹی بیماریوں بخار،زکام ،گلہ خراب جیسے امراض کا تو علاج کر سکتا ہے مگر بڑے مسائل کو حل کرنا اس کے لئے ناگزیر ہوتا ہے۔

                دیہات میں خواتین اور ان کے نومولود بچوں کے حوالے سے بھی بہت سے مسائل کاسامنا رہتا ہے اور پورے علاقے  میں زچگی سینٹر نہ ہونے کی وجہ سے اکثر انہیں جان سے بھی جانا پڑتا ہے۔ناول نگار نے بھی کہانی میں ایک سیانی عورت کا ذکر کیا ہے جو کہ دراصل خود کی پناہ کیلئے اس علاقے میں بسی اور پھر وہاں لوگوں کا علاج معالجہ کر کے گزارا شروع کردیااوراس علاج معالجے کا تجربہ اس عورت کو اس لیے تھا کہ اس کی ماں نرس تھی اور ماں کو دیکھ کر وہ کافی کچھ سیکھ چکی تھی۔

’’میری بیوی کا سارا علاج معالجہ اس نے کیا۔تمہیں تو ہماری مشکلوں کی خبر نہیں پر یہاں...

عورت کی ازدواجی حیثیت اور تولیدی صحت سے متعلق تصورات کا تجزیہ

The research examines socio-cultural stereo-typed beliefs and customs of Pakistani society regarding women’s conjugal rights and reproductive health. Islamic teachings recognize and ensure both categories of women rights; general and specific. Islam has acknowledged man and woman as equal and equivalent partners of the family system. There mutual cooperation lays the foundation of a peaceful, prosperous and healthy society. According to Islamic injunctions, the socio-economic environment of the society must ensure mutual trust, matrimonial harmony, and respect of rights for both men and women. The social norms need consistent evolution to be conducive to a happy life of individuals. It goes without saying that population growth must go hand in hand with papulation planning while prosperity is directly proportional to proper management of both human and economic resources. The present article analyzes the social stereo-types about women, their conjugal rights, family planning and care for women’s reproductive health, in the light of guidance provided by Qur’an and Sunnah. Islam.

A Study of Job Satisfaction Factors As Perceived by Teachers and Head Teachers at Secondary Level in a Selected District of Sindh

The present study attempted to analyze government secondary school teachers’ level of job satisfaction and role of head teachers in addressing issues relating to teachers’ motivation. In order to pursue the objectives of the study, the following research questions were framed. 1. What is the level of government secondary school teachers’ job satisfaction in district Naushahro Feroze? 2. How do head teachers ensure teachers job satisfaction and motivation in government secondary schools? 3. Is there any significant difference in facets of job satisfaction among male and female secondary school teachers? 4. What factors lead towards satisfaction/dissatisfaction among secondary school teachers? 5. What correlation exists between facets of job satisfaction and the overall job satisfaction of secondary school teachers? Mixed method paradigm was used for the conduct of this study. Quantitative data was collected through administration of questionnaire and qualitative data was collected through conduct of interview. The population of this study comprised government secondary school teachers, Head Teachers (HTs) and a representative from the District Education Office. There are 88 government secondary and higher secondary schools in District Naushehro Feroz. For the present study, 30 schools, 30 Head teachers and 342 secondary school teachers were selected. Data collection instruments included ‘Teachers’ Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS)’, ‘Head Teachers’ Informal Interview Schedule’ and ‘Group Discussion (GD) Schedule’. The reliability of the JSS total scale had a Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient of 0.87. Quantitative data were analyzed in SPSS and HTs interviews and Group discussions were analyzed using Thematic Analysis approach Analysis of data revealed that: teachers were satisfied with their monthly salary, fringe benefits and administrative support provided to them in discharging their responsibilities as teachers. Regarding the facets of policy, the overall mean score suggested that teachers are moderately satisfied with school policies, school goals and the performance of the school management committee (SMCs). On the facet of working environment, teachers’ views can be Classified into two categories. Firstly, Teachers are satisfied and believe that their job is safe, the workload was appropriate, the communication system was well-organized, and teaching provided those opportunities for effective use of professional skills. They seemed less satisfied with the availability of teaching materials and believed that there was an absence of collaborative culture in the schools. Secondly, the data also suggested that teachers were dissatisfied with opportunities for promotion and professional development. The opportunities for professional growth have been limited and not focused on the professional needs of teachers. Overall, teachers expressed dissatisfaction with the following problems. 1) Shortage of physical and academic facilities in secondary schools. 2) Political interference in teachers’ transfers and posting. 3) Nonexistent or insufficient teaching resources. 4) Lack of adequate support of the head teachers. 5) Lack of opportunities for professional development. It is argued that teachers particularly at secondary school level are not motivated to work with zeal and zest. This phenomena is interpreted that they are not satisfied with their jobs. Therefore, this study was undertaken to find out the reasons for satisfaction and dissatisfaction of the teachers. The study has made several recommendations. The teacher may be involved in the decision-making process. Process of promotion may be expedited. Instructional and reading materials and books may also be made available in the library. The teachers and head teachers consider these facilities as pre-requisite for professional satisfaction and effectiveness of the teachers. There should be no political interference in the appointment, transfer and promotion of teachers. It should be purely on a merit basis. Government should provide the physical facilities like drinking water, toilets and necessary equipment in the laboratories. Further, to enhance the morale and effectiveness of teacher’s job satisfaction, programs of professional development may also be arranged positively on a continuous basis.
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