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16. Al-Nahl/The Honey Bee

16. Al-Nahl/The Honey Bee

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

16:01
Allah’s Judgment is coming.
So do not seek to hurry it – O the disbelievers.
All Glory be to HIM!
And HE is Exalted - far above what they ascribe to HIM in Divinity and Worship.

16:02
Tell them, O The Prophet, that everyone does not deserve to get the angels descend on to him.
HE sends down the angels with the Spirit by HIS Command upon whoever HE
Pleases of HIS servants, saying:
‘Warn people that there is no entity of worship except ME alone.
So keep away from MY disobedience’ in reverence, awe, and piety!

16:03
HE created the celestial realm and the terrestrial world in truth with a definite purpose.
HE is Exalted - far above what they ascribe to HIM.

16:04
HE created the human being from a drop of semen,
yet the same human being openly becomes a fierce adversary.

16:05
And the livestock - HE created them for you.
There is warmth in them - in clothing from their hides/wool - and other benefits,
and of them, you obtain meat to eat as well.

16:06
And there is beauty in them for you too -
when you bring them home in the evening, and
when you take them out to pastures in the morning.

16:07
And they carry your loads to distant far-off lands,
which you could not otherwise reach without hardship to yourselves.
In fact, your Rabb - The Lord is All-Gracious and All-Compassionate.

16:08
And HE...

عالمی اتحاد و یگانگت کے لئے مکالمہ بین المذاہب کا کردار: تعلیمات نبوی کی روشنی میں

During these troubled times fallacious notions are being deliberately and repeatedly spread throughout the world by many biased, ill-informed and even mischievous persons regarding Islam and Holy Prophet Mohammad(SAW). Those writers have tried to damage the graceful and towering personality of Mohammad(SAW) in the eyes of the world. Thus, Islam is under the pressure of media, politicians, and even financial world donor institutions. The result of all this propaganda is that Muslims are considered a threat to Western way of life. Muslims are portrayed as fanatics, fundamentalists and terrorists. This article presents the Islamic view about interfaith dialogue especially in the light of the Quranic verses and Hadith of Prophet (SAW). Certain events from the life of the Prophet (SAW) have also been quoted when the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) held interfaith dialogue with the rulers, envoys and other factions. These incidents include different strategies of the prophet (SAW) calling DAWA and preaching for interfaith dialogue. At the same time Prophet (SAW) presented Islam as a religion of harmony and peace.

Determination of Efficacy of Bioactive Compounds of Eucalyptus Spp. Extracts Against Spot Blotch of Wheat

Spot blotch disease caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana Sacc. is a severe constraint with 30-70% estimated yield losses to wheat production in warmer regions of the world. The purpose of this study was to evaluate crude extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn and Eucalyptus torelliana F. Muell (Myrtaceae) for their fingicidal activity against Bipolaris sorokiniana and if they can be used as a spot blotch disease management strategy. In was observed that flowering buds are most potential part of both plant species compared to leaves and bark. The ethanol, methanol and aqueous crude extracts of E. camaldulensis flowering buds inhibited mycelial growth up to 97, 91 and 67% While; the E. torelliana extracts restricted mycelial growth of 75, 74, and 47% respectively. The E. camaldulensis flowering buds ethanol extract provided maximum inhibition zone of 29.10±0.92 with 10mg/well and minimum inhibitory concentration value of 25mg/ml. The minimum mean length of conidiophores observed (78μ) and mean width (3.63μ) for treatment of E. camaldulensis flowering buds ethanol extract at 10% concentration over control 141μ length and 7.33μ width. A range of variations in mean length of B. sorokiniana conidia observed from 49-74µ and mean width from 19-25µm having 1-7 septa and light brown colour. In control treatments mean length range from 75-77µ and width from 25-28µ. The extract treated hyphae were damaged, collapsed and thinner as compared to control treatment. In 10µl spore suspension the highest number of conidia (34±9.63) found in essential oil treatment at 0.5% concentration followed by at 1% concentration (30.±8.17) compared to distilled water treatment (53±10.34). The E. torelliana flowering buds methanol extract at 10% concentration provided the smallest fresh weight (0.026g) and dry weight (0.02g) of fungal biomass. The In-vivo effects of E. camaldulensis and E. torelliana flowering buds extracts against aggrasive isolate of spot blotch were observed on susceptible variety bhakkar 2001 of wheat. The pesticidal effect of flowering buds extracts with different spray schedules as well as different concentration was highly significant (P<0.05) for both of grain yield/spike and 1000 grain weight. The E. camaldulensis flowering bud extractsin ethanol produces highest number of grains/spike (50, 48 & 43) as compared to E. torilliana 41, 38 & 33 grains/spike underspray I, Spray II and Spray III schedule respectively at 10% concentation. In case of number of grains per spike, for each unit increase in disease severity, 0.395 units decrease observed in number of grains/spike.The R2 0.473 indicates that 47.3% variations in grains yield/spike are caused by disease severity. There is 0.269 unit’s decrease in 1000-grains weight (g) with 51.03 unit’s increase of disease severity. The relationship of disease severity was negatively correlated with yield contributing parameters. The R2 (0.574) means that 57.4% variation in 1000 grains weight is explained by predictor variable. Standard error value (3.171) represents the typical deviation between the actual 1000 grain weight and what the model predicted to be. In simple there are 3.171g typical fluctuations around the regression line E. camaldulensis flowering buds extracts were further investigated for the most active compounds. Partitioning of crude ethanol extract was done with hexanes, Toluene, Dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water. Hexanes part was most active in mycelial growth assay with the maximum 86% inhibition. Two compounds, A and B were purified from hexane part through flash Column Chromatography (FCC) by silica gel, Prep-TLC and Prep-HPLC. The recovered compounds showed high antifungal activity against B. sorokiniana (spot blotch). The chemical analysis of active compounds by HPLC, MS, FT-IR and NMR revealed the presence of hydrocarbons. These compounds are >C=O carbonyl functional group containing terpenoids that form crystalline products. The results indicate that E. camaldulensis flowering buds extracts contain antifungal compounds and can be exploited as a spot blotch disease and other fungal pathogens management strategy if formulation is developed in future.
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