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وادی سینا

وادیِ سینا

جس وادی مقدس طویٰ کا ذکر قرآن میں ملتا ہے اس کی وسعت قلبی واضح نظر آ رہی تھی ۔ گرمی سے نڈھال پیاسی وادی نے اپنی چونچ بحیرہ احمر میں ڈال رکھی تھی ،بحر ہند کا پانی جزیرہ نما عرب کے یمنی ساحلی علاقے راس منہلی اور براعظم افریقہ کے راس سیاں کے درمیا ن کوئی بیس میل کی ایک تنگ گھاٹی سے گزر کر افریقہ اور ایشیا کے درمیان حدِ فاضل کھینچتا ہے جو وادیٔ سینا پہنچ کر دوحصو ںمیںمنقسم ہو جا تا ہے مشرقی حصے کو خلیج عقبہ جبکہ مغربی حصے کو خلیج سویز کہا جا تا ہے ۔قاہرہ سے وادیٔ سینا جاتے ہوئے خلیج سویز کو عبور کرنا پڑتا ہے ۔اس حصے میں موسیٰ  ؑنے اپنی قوم کو فرعونی مظالم سے نجات کے لیے پار کرایا تھا اور اسی بحر میں فرعون منفتاح غرق ہوا تھا۔

مصر ،سعودی عرب،اسرائیل اور اردن کی سرحدیں خلیج عقبہ میں ملتی ہیں ۔سعودی عرب اسی ساحل ’پر نیوم‘ نامی بستی بسا رہا ہے ۔اس جدید بستی کے بارے میں یہ بات کہی جا رہی کہ یہاں عیش و عشرت کے وہ سارے ذرائع موجودد ہوں گے جن کے لیے مغرب و مشرق کے عیاش طبقات دنیا کے کسی بھی کونے میں جانے سے انکار نہیں کرتے ۔

جہاز نے سمت بدلنے کے لیے جب داہنا پنکھ نیچے کیا تو کھڑکی سے خلیج سویز ایک نیلے ربن کی طرح نظر آ رہی تھی ۔محمد علی نے اشارہ کیا کہ وہ پانی خلیج سویز ہے ۔انہوں نے نہر سویز کی لمبائی چوڑائی اور اس پر برطانوی ،امریکی اور فرانسیسی قبضے کی تاریخ بھی بیان کی او ر بڑے فخر سے جمال عبدالناصر کی بہادری اور اس نہر کے قومیانے کے عمل کو سراہا ۔ انہوںنے کہا کہ ۱۸۶۹ء...

Adoption of Child in Islam: An Overview of Adoption Laws in Pakistan

This paper has been written for comparative analysis of adoption in Islam with adoption as it is known in modern jurisprudence throughout the world having itssecular background. Concept of adoption and its scope in Islam has been explored. Further importance of adoption in Islam has been re-iterated in this paper with support of Quranic verses, Hadis and with Instances from Sunnah. Special attention has been drawn towards prevailing laws in Pakistan regarding adoption, protection and security measures embodied in those laws. An overview of Superior Courts Judgement has been made in order to demonstrate the bent of courttowards adoption of child and interpretation of law concerning child adoption. This paper also touches the growing international concerns of child laundering and for this purpose brief intro of recent steps taken in Pakistan, i. E. Establishment of Sindh Child Protection Authority and enactment of The Prevention of Human Trafficking in Persons Act, 2018 has been given.

Dft Studies of Carbon and Nitrogen Based Cubic Antiperovskite Materials.

In this thesis, we present theoretical studies of antiperovskites ANCa3 (A=Ge, Sn, Pb), BCFe3 (B=Al, Zn, Ga), SnCD3 (D=Co and Fe) and MXY3 (M=Al, Ga, Ir, Mg, Pd, Pt, Rh; X=C, N; Y=Mn, Ni, Sc, Ti, Cr, Fe) as well as SbNCa3, BiNCa3, SbNSr3 and BiNSr3. The calculations are carried out with the full-potential linearized augmented plane waves plus local orbital (FPLAPW+lo) method within the framework of density functional theory (DFT) as well as Boltzmann’s theory. The exchange–correlation effects are treated by the local density approximation (LDA), generalized gradient approximation (GGA-PBEsol) and Engel and Vosko GGA (EV-GGA). Furthermore, the modified Becke and Johnson (mBJ) as well as improved mBJ potentials are used for the exact band gaps of the semiconductors. The relativistic effects in some of the compounds under study are explored by spin-orbit coupling. The consistency of the calculated results of the thermoelectric properties of SnCCo3 and SnCFe3 with the experimental results confirms the reliability of our theoretical calculations for the other investigated metallic antiperovskites, ANCa3 (A=Ge, Sn, Pb), BCFe3 (B=Al, Zn, Ga), SnCD3 (D=Co and Fe) and MXY3 (M=Al, Ga, Ir, Mg, Pd, Pt, Rh; X=C, N; Y=Mn, Ni, Sc, Ti, Cr, Fe). Our results for ANCa3 (A=Ge, Sn, Pb), BCFe3 (B=Al, Zn, Ga) and SnCD3 (D=Co, Fe) indicate that the thermopower of these materials can be enhanced by changing the chemical potential. The dimensionless figure of merit for the three nitrides approaches to 0.96 at room temperature, which predicts the usefulness of these materials in thermoelectric devices. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of these compounds is minimum at room temperature for chemical potential of -0.25 eV to 0.25 eV, with maximum values of dimensionless figure of merit in this range. The striking feature of these studies is identifying a metallic compound, SnNCa3, with the highest value of Seebeck coefficient at room temperature out of all metals. Furthermore, electronic and thermoelectric properties of carbon and nitrogen based twenty metallic antiperovskites MXY3 (M=Al, Ga, Ir, Mg, Pd, Pt, Rh; X=C, N; Y=Mn, Ni, Sc, Ti, Cr, Fe) are investigated. We find high values of Seebeck coefficient and small values of electronic thermal conductivity for AlCTi3, AlNSc3, AlCNi3, AlNTi3, GaCCr3 and MgCNi3 between -0.25 and 0.25 eV chemical potential. These results show high dimensionless figure of merit in metallic materials and therefore, we predict these materials can be potential candidates for low temperature thermoelectric applications. Figure of merit for AlNTi3, GaCCr3, AlCNi3, AlNSc3, MgCNi3 and AlCTi3 materials reaches to 0.32, 0.25, 0.19, 0.19, 0.2 and 0.25 respectively, and hence are predicted to be low temperature thermoelectric materials. The structural, electronic and optical properties of antiperovskite semiconductors, SbNCa3, BiNCa3, SbNSr3 and BiNSr3 are also studied. The calculated lattice constants for these compounds are found consistent with the available experimentally measured values and other theoretical results. The band profiles show that all of these materials are direct band gap semiconductors with the band gap values of 1.1 eV, 1.09 eV, 0.92 eV and 0.81 eV for SbNCa3, BiNCa3, SbNSr3 and BiNSr3 respectively. The direct band gap nature reveals that they may be effective in optical devices and therefore the optical properties of these compounds like the real and imaginary parts of dielectric function, refractive index and absorption coefficient are calculated and discussed. Furthermore, the thermoelectric properties of these semiconductors are also calculated. Our results show high values of Seebeck coefficient for these materials between -0.25 eV and 0.25 eV chemical potential values.
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