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المبحث السابع: الطفولة والأحلام

المبحث السابع: الطفولة والأحلام

قصيدة (ذکريات الطفولة) لنازک الملائكة([1])


لم یزل مجلسي علی تلّي الرَم

ليَّ یصغي إلی أناشید أمسي

لم أزل طفلۃً سوی أنني قد

زِدت جھلاً بکنہِ عمري ونفسي

لیتني لم أزل کما کنتُ قلباً

لیس فیہ إلا السّنا([2]) والنقاء([3])

کلّ یومِ أبني حیاتي أحلا

ماً وأنسیٰ إذا تأتي المساءُ

في ظلالِ النخیل أبني قلاعاً

وقصوراً مشیدۃً في الرّمالِ

أسفاً یا حیاۃُ أین رمالي

وقصوريّ؟ وکیف ضاعتُ ظلالِي؟

إیہِ تلّ الرمالِ ماذا تری أب

قیتَ لي من مدینۃِ الأحلام؟

أین أبراجُھا العلیا ھل تا

ھتُ وراء الزمان في أوھامي؟

ذھب الأمس لم أعد طفلۃً تر

قُب عشّ العصفور کلّ صباح

لم أعُد أبصر الحیاۃ کما کا

نت رحیقاً یذوب في أقداحي

لم أعُدّ في الشتاء أرنو الی الأم

طار من مھدي الجمیل الصغیر

لم أعد أعشقُ الحمامۃ ان غنَّ

ت وألھو علی ضِفافِ الغدیر

کم زھورٍ جمعتُھا وعطورٍ

سرقتھا الحیاۃُ لم تُبق شیًّا

کم تعالیل صغتھا بدّدتھا

وتبقّی تذکارُھا في یدیّا

کنت عرشي بالأمس یاتلّي الرّم

ل والآن لم تعُد غیر تلّ

کان شدوُ الطیور رجع أناشی

دي وکان النعیمُ یتبعُ ظلّي

کان ھذا الوجود مملکتي الکُبُ

ریٰ فیا لیتھا تعودُ إلیّا

لیت تلّ الرمالِ یسترجع الأس

رارَ والشِعرَ والجمال الطریَّا

لم أعد أستطیع أن أحکم الزھ

ر وأرْعی النجوم في کلّ لیل

ھل...

Moral Dichotomy: Coetzee’s Stance on Moral Dilemma in Postmodernist Society in Disgrace

Coetzee anticipates the moral dilemma of today's individuals, in order to achieve his aim torevert the current trends in moral philosophy which has marked morality with individual partialities. The morality of self/will has pervaded in the society with substantial philosophical argumentation as well. This research intends to study Dionysian morality in comparison with modern (Appolonian) principles of morality as presented by Coetzee. The research is planned to differentiate the two by presenting their roots with logical reasons; Nietzsche's conception of morality and the need of Freudian repression. In the context of Disgrace Coetzee developed his moral theory through circumstantial justice with such a force that all reasons given by Overman (Übermensch) of Nietzsche fail. The paper will unveil the relationship of power and the need for justice. Coetzee proves the importance of Freudian Repression Theory that makes everybody responsible for the concord in a society. The cultivation of Dionysian concept of life only brings disgrace to man, and such philosophies can only be supported when the individual is in power, vulnerability in the society makes man to understand the value of morality and exercise of proper judicial system. South Africal context of the novel situates the anticipation of Dionysian cult in more understanding way to the audience. To avoid social Darwinism, state institutions should come in action in order to ensure the equal power distribution among the masses. Uneven distribution of power creates only oppressors and victims in the society, which further lead society to chaos. Coetzee proves the importance of circumstantial justice over the institutional justice, as institutional justice can punish only but the transformation of transgressor only takes place with circumstantial justice and for the betterment of society, transformation provides better results than punishment because institutions do create a different power structures that also work to suppress people.

Engineering Salt and Drought Tolerance in Cotton Gossypium Hirsutum L.

In the modern era of agricultural crop production, commercial applications of crop inputs and industrial activities have increased salt concentrations in our soil and water resources making them toxic for growing crops. During abiotic stresses, plants employ several strategies, among which salt pumping and compartmentalization into intracellular organelles (lumen of vacuole) is a major strategy. The present study involved the development of transgenic cotton cv. coker-312 tolerant to salt and drought stress. In the first part of the study, silicon carbide whisker mediated cotton callitransformationmethod was established using GUS and AVP1 gene. Fertile transgenic plants were produced from embryogenic calli of four events. PCR and southern hybridization of kanamycin resistant putative AVP1 embryogenic calli showedthe presence andstable integration of transgenes in 1-4 copies in the genome. Results of the salt tolerance study of T1AVP1transgenic cotton showed significantly greater salt tolerance at 200mM NaCl than nontransformed control plants. Moreover, transgenes segregate in a Mendelian fashion indicated the authenticity of the method. In the second part of the study, AtNHX1 gene was cloned underthe control of double CaMV 35S promoter and terminatorin plant transformation vector pGA482.Agrobacterium tumefaciensharboringAVP1 and AtNHX1 genes were used to inoculate coker-312 hypocotyls. Putative transgenic kanamycin resistant calli of different events were produced and putative regenerated transgenic plants were obtained. The Overall transformation efficiency was 20-25 %. Regenerated T0plants were grown to maturity in the containment for getting selfed T0seeds and subsequently T1 and T2 seeds. PCR and Southern analyses showed the presence and genomic integration of 1-4 copies ofthe AVP1 and AtNHX1genes. Northern analyses/cDNA analyses showed transcripts of transgenes in the transgenic plants. Transgenic plants (T2) having AVP1and AtNHX1genes verified by PCR were exposed to salt studies executed with AVP1 transgenic in both hydroponic as well as in pots while plants having AtNHX1 gene were exposed only in pots. After 4-6 weeks of germination, NaCl was applied in solutions up to 200 mM. Transgenic plants showedsignificantlyhigher accumulation of Na+, K+, total free amino acids, proline, total soluble sugars and higher nitrate reductase activities than non-transformed control plants. A water stress study was performed on AVP1 T2 transgenic cotton after two weeks and 8-10 weeks of germination in pots. Stress was applied by withholding water for upto 10 days. Results revealed that transgenic AVP1 plants have significantly high water contents and low water potentials with less square shedding, retain high number of bolls than non-transformed control plants. Photosynthesis rate was significantly higher in transgenic (AVP1/AtNHX1) cotton progenies than non-transformed control plants. Transgenic cotton also showed significantlybetter growth and yield when compared with non-transformed plants. Fiber analyses by scanning electron microscopy and HV1 indicated that fiber of transgenic plant were healthy with uniform twisting in contrast to weak and shriveled fiber of the nontransformed control plants. Transgenic plants hadhigh fiber strength, length and low mic value than non-transformed control cotton plants respectively. Transgenic germplasm developed in present study might be useful for its application in cotton breeding program aiming salt/drought tolerance in cotton cultivars.
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