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۔نسیم حجازی ۔۔۔۔تحریکِ پاکستان کا عملی کردار

 نسیم حجازی ۔۔۔۔تحریکِ پاکستان کا عملی کردار

عذرا پروین پی ایچ ڈی اسکالر

ناردرن یونیورسٹی، خیبرپختونخواہ

نسیم حجازی کا اصلی نام محمد شریف اور قلمی نام نسیم حجازی تھا ۔ نسیم حجازی ۱۹ مئی ۱۹۱۴ء کو پنجاب کے ایک گاؤں سوجان پور جو کہ قصبہ دھاڑیوال ضلع گورداس پور میں واقع ہے ، میں پیدا ہوئے۔ ۱۹۴۷ء میں تقسیمِ ہند کے بعد ہجرت کر کے پاکستان آ گئے اور مستقلاً یہیں رہائش اختیار کی ۔ زندگی کی ڈور ٹوٹنے تک آپ نے پاکستان سے اپنا ناتا نہیں توڑا۔بالآخر مارچ ۱۹۹۶ء کو اپنے خالقِ حقیقی سے جا ملے ۔ آپ کے آباؤاجداد حجاز سے ہندوستان میں وارد ہوئے اور اپنی رہائش کے لیے انھوں نے پنجاب کے ضلع گورداس پور کا انتخاب کیا ۔ نسیم حجازی کے والد کا نام چودھری جان محمد تھا جو کہ محکمہ انہار میں ملازم تھے ۔بچپن کے ابتدائی دور میں ہی آپ کی والدہ محترمہ داغِ مفارقت دے گئیں تو بارِ تربیت والد صاحب کے سر آن پڑا ۔ ابتدائی تعلیم سوجان پور ہی میں حاصل کرنے کے بعد ۱۹۳۸ء میں ماسٹرز کی ڈگری اسلامیہ کالج لاہور سے حاصل کی ۔ اسی دوران آپ نے چھوٹے موٹے موضوعات پر قلم آزمائی شروع کر دی ۔ افسانہ نگاری میں قدم رکھتے ہوئے نسیم حجازی نے اپنا پہلا افسانہ ‘‘شادر’’ تخلیق کیا ۔ اپنی ادبی زندگی کے ابتدائی دور میں وہ اپنے قلمی نام کی جگہ بھی اپنا اصلی نام ہی استعمال کرتے تھے لیکن بعد میں جب ان کے استادِ محرم نے انھیں مشورہ دیا کہ اپنے لیے الگ قلمی نام کا انتخاب کریں تو انھوں نے اپنے قلمی نام کے لیے حجازِ مقدس سےاپنی نسبت کوافضل جانا اوراپنے لیے نسیم حجازی کے قلمی نام کا انتخاب کیا...

Citizens' Assessment on Programs for Education of the Local Government Unit of Banga, Aklan

Citizen Satisfaction Index System (CSIS) was used to assess the delivery of support to education initiatives in the municipality of Banga, Aklan, Philippines. The samples were determined using multiple application of stratified random sampling approach. In accordance with the Philippine Statistical Authority's Data on Census Population and Housing for 2015, barangays having a bigger share of the population contributed more respondents to the 150 targeted participants. Following the inclusion criteria, the probability respondents were chosen using the Kish Grid. Pre-numbered questionnaires were distributed, with odd numbers targeting male responders and even numbers targeting females. The following criteria were used to evaluate the respondents' assessments: awareness, availment of the program/service, satisfaction, and need for action. Furthermore, interviews were conducted to better understand and investigate the respondents' thoughts, behavior, and perspectives. The reasons for their reaction were also obtained. The data was provided in percentage as well as frequency distributions. The study inferred that awareness on alternative learning system and/or special education program should be improved since it is the only program that attained low rating for awareness. Most of the residents were not able to avail education programs because they have no household member who attends school. Majority of the respondents who availed the services were satisfied. However, scholarship and other assistance programs to students may be enhanced to improve service delivery. It is highly recommended by the citizens to improve accessibility to scholarship programs and other forms of financial assistance to students.

Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases Genotypes and Their Association With Cephalosporin Susceptibility in Community Acquired Enterobacteriaceae Infections

Background: Infections caused by Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) producing enterobacteriaceae have become a global problem. Initially confined to the hospital set-up, they are increasingly being reported in the community. These infections are often resistant to a wide variety of B- lactams including extended spectrum cephalosporins, with clinical and epidemiological implications for healthcare systems and necessitate surveillance measures based on local data. Local information on the genotypes of ESBLs and their association with cephalosporin resistance in community acquired ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates is scanty, hence the need for this study. Aim: To detect ESBLs genotypes and correlate these with susceptibility to cephalosporins among ESBL producing Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pneumoniae) isolates acquired in the community. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which 52 ESBL producing bacterial isolates chosen through consecutive sampling were analyzed for ESBLs genotypes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis. The isolates were from various clinical specimens submitted in the outpatient setting. The genotypes of interest were SHV, CTX-M, and TEM. Cephalosporin susceptibility was determined by Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) using E-tests and classified into three categories; sensitive, intermediate, and resistant. I also determined association between the genotypes and MICs categories. Results:Forty six (88.5%) of the isolates expressed CTX-M, 13(25%) had SHV, and 18(34.6%) had TEM. Nineteen (36.5%) isolates had more than one genotype. Urine specimens provided most of the ESBL producing isolates (71%) followed by respiratory specimens (11%). The MICs for the cepharosporins were elevated with MIC50 for cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone being 60ug/ml, 13ug/ml, and 139ug/ml, respectively. There was a statistically significant association (p-value= 0.017) between SHV genotype and resistance to Ceftazidime. Though other trends could be discerned between the remaining genotypes and susceptibility profiles of the three dugs, they were not statistically significant. Interpretation and conclusion: CTX-M is the predominant ESBL genotype in community acquired Enterobacteriaceae infections, majority of which tend to be urinary tract infections.Though the presence of ESBL genes resulted in elevated MICs for the cephalosporins, only the SHV genotype could predict resistance to Ceftazidime. This information of the genotypes present in our locality could form a basis for surveillance of ESBL spread and antibiotic resistance in community isolates.
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