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ڈاکٹر پال کارس
ڈاکٹر پال کارس
ان کے چند ہی روز بعد یورپ کے ایک اور نامور فاضل ڈاکٹر پال کارس نے بھی انتقال کیا، ڈاکٹر موصوف کا مولد جرمنی تھا، لیکن مسکن امریکا تھا، وہ مشرقی فلسفہ و مذاہب کے عالم تھے، اور ہندو فلسفہ و مذہب سے انہیں خاص شغف تھا، چنانچہ فلسفہ گوتم بدھ وغیرہ پر ان کی متعدد تصنیفات ہیں، امریکا کا مشہور فلسفیانہ رسالہ موئسٹ انہیں کی ایڈیٹری میں نکلتا تھا۔ ( ’’مولوی عبدالماجد‘‘، جون ۱۹۱۹ء)
Buddhism In Gandhara
The present study entitled “Buddhism in Gandhara” focuses on the religious faith of Gandharans during the Kushan Empire, especially during Kanishka Reign when Buddhism became popular. This research focuses on the religious art works flourished during the regime, including stone sculpture of Gandhara and Mathura reflect the Hellenistic style of Gandharan Buddhist art. It also deals with the artifacts, coins, inscriptions, narrative sculptures from Kushan to ascertain Gandharan Buddhist tradition as documented in art, archaeology, and epigraphy, which comes mainly from the region. The Study can be distinguished as a special case study of its own nature for being conducted in the geographical boundaries, where Kushan and Gandhara art was experimented and practiced which afterwards achieved a status of the full-scale culture of the area. The main aim of the research was to study the religious aspects of the inhabitants of the Kushan period, which was prominent in the living patterns of different social classes, structural design of the buildings, attires and cultural outfits of various segments of the society as well as personal features like ornaments, headdresses, and social rituals in shaping the cultural contours of Gandhara art. The study, based on empirical data collected from various museums and archaeological sites, particularly from excavated areas around Taxila valley, which reflect a special understanding of religious artwork during the regime of Kushans supporting a close link with the Kings and Princess during their control of South Asian region. This paper concludes that Buddhism was a thriving religion during the Greek regime and was supported by the state.A Study of Professional Development of School Leaders in Federal Government Educational
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the secondary school principals of the Federal Government Educational Institutions (Cantonments & Garrisons) were getting appropriate opportunities for their professional development or not. The population consisted of 181 principals out of which a sample of 126 was selected by using stratified random design. The instrument comprised a survey questionnaire containing 14 question items, structured telephonic interview of the responsible heads of the governing bodies, and the policy document of the Federal Government Educational Institutions for its evaluation to obtain qualitative data. The results of the study indicate that despite their earnest desire, the secondary school principals of Federal Government Educational Institutions were not getting appropriate opportunities for their professional development in terms of frequency of holding of development courses, methods of organizing the courses, rate of participation, and practical value of the courses. The findings reveal that the policy document of the Directorate of Federal Government Educational Institutions does not contain any specific provisions pertaining to the professional development of their school principals and it has been left to the discretion of the regional offices without any obligation and monitoring by the directorate.Journals by Discipline
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