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اسلم عارف

اسلم عارف (۱۹۲۷ء۔۱۹۹۰ء) پسرور کے ایک نواحی گاؤں بن باجوہ میں پیدا ہوئے۔(۷۵۹) آپ نظم ،غزل اور قطعہ گو شاعر تھے ۔عارف کی شاعری مقامی وملکی سطح کے رسائل وجرائد میں شائع ہوئی ۔ا ن کی شاعری میں روایتی موضوعات کے ساتھ ساتھ جدت بھی پائی جاتی ہے ۔حقیقت پسندی اور رومانیت بھی عارف کی شاعری کے اہم موضوعات ہیں ۔ نمونہ کلام ملاحظہ ہو:

اے حسینہ سنوارلے گیسو

 

%اشک کب تک بہائے گی

 

3قبر کے پھول سوکھ جائیں گے

 

-زندگی لوٹ کر نہ آئے گی

(۷۶۰)

 

ایک مفلس بندہ مزدور پر روئے گا کون؟

 

زندگی میں بھی اگرچہ بے سرو سامان تھا

 

مر کے لیکن رہ گیا اس طرح بے گور کفن

 

جیسے اس دنیا کا بس یہ آخری انسان تھا

(۷۶۱)

۷۶۰۔اسلم عارف،مشمولہ’’ماہنامہ سیارہ ‘‘،لاہور،اگست ۲۰۰۱ء ،ص:۱۵

۷۶۱۔ایضاً،ص :۱۵

 

 

 

 

Classical Works on Islamic Political Order: Critical Evaluation of the Methodology of the Modern Scholars

As Muslim scholarship generally treated with the issues relating to rebellion in the manuals of creed, Western scholars and many modern Muslim scholars generally overlooked them. Moreover, when some of them focused on manuals of law-proper where the rules for regulating the conduct of hostilities during rebellion are elaborated, they pick and choose between the views of the jurists belonging to various schools presuming that jurists of various schools followed a common legal theory. The present paper after critically evaluating the methodology of these scholars concludes that every school of law represents a distinct and internally coherent legal theory and as scuh mixing the views of the various schools leads to analytical inconsistency. Hence, it suggests that scholars woking on the legality of rebellion from the perspective of Islamic law should focus on proper legal sources and should adopt a principle-based approach instead of mixing the views of the various schools which are founded on different, sometimes, conficting legal principles.

In Vitro Effect of New Antibiotics Against Clinical Isolates of Salmonella Enterica Subspecies Enterica

Background: Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S, Typhi, T is capital because Typhi is serotype and not species) a gram negative bacterium (1). It continues to be a global health problem with over 21.6 million cases and more than 200,000 deaths occurring annually (2;3). Most of these deaths occur in Asia (4). Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi is traditionally associated with relatively milder illness as compared to Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Aim & Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine in vitro MIC patterns of various therapeutic alternatives available for the treatment of enteric fever and non-typhoidal salmonellae in an endemic region reporting a recent increase in ciprofloxacin resistance. Study design: It is a cross sectional research carried out at Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Rawalpindi. Research was conducted from June 2011 to May 2013. Materials and Methods: Samples of blood, bone marrow, pus, urine, stool and fluids were collected from suspected cases of salmonella infections. Standard protocols were observed during collection and transportation. Culture was applied on Bactec 9050 special and/or standard media. Suspected salmonella colonies were tested by API 20E and confirmed by serology. The isolates were also tested for resistance to antibiotics ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, doripenem, imipenem, ertapenem, aztreonam, moxifloxacin, cefpirome, cefepime, gatifloxacin, and chloramphenicol by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method (5). MIC (Minimum Inhibitory concentration) was done on MDR and ciprofloxacin intermediate or resistant cases by E-strips. Results: 316 isolates of Salmonella were recovered from 2230 specimens. Resistance by disk diffusion technique was determined, for Salmonella Typhi against Ampicillin 72%, Chloramphenicol 62%, Cotrimoxazole 41.2%, ceftriaxone 2.4%, ciprofloxacin 8%, cefpodoxime 4.7%, doripenem 2.3%, ertapenem 3.5%, aztreonam 3.5%, and moxifloxacin 3.5%. No resistance was noted for imipenem, cefepime and gatifloxacin. Resistance noted in Salmonella Paratyphi A was ampicillin 60%, chloramphenicol 40%, cotrimoxazole 38%, ceftriaxone 7.9%, ciprofloxacin 8%, cefpodoxime 7.9%, imipenem and ertapenem 2.6%, aztreonam 1.3%, moxifloxacin 6.6%, and gatifloxacin1.3%. No resistance was noted for doripenem and cefepime. For non-typhoidal salmonellae resistance was noted only against cotrimoxazole 66.6% and ciprofloxacin 7%. For S. Typhi imipenem MIC90 was 0.38 and MIC50 was 0.25. For cefpirome MIC90 was 0.64 and MIC50 was 0.09. For aztreonam MIC90 was 0.12 and MIC50 was 0.09. For cefpodoxime MIC90 was 0.75 and MIC50 was 0.38. For azithromycin these values were 16.0 and 7.0 and for tigecycline they were 0.25 and 0.09
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