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ڈاکٹر مولوی عبدالحق

ڈاکٹرمولوی عبدالحق
افسوس ہے پچھلے مہینے ڈاکٹر مولوی عبدالحق نے۹۲برس کی عمر میں مری میں انتقال کیا اورکراچی میں دفن ہوئے۔وہ غالباً علی گڑھ کے سب سے پرانے طالب علم تھے جنھوں نے سرسید احمد خاں،مولانا شبلی اورمولانا حالی اوراُس زمانہ کے دوسرے اکابر علم وادب سے استفادہ کیااوراُن کی صحبتوں اورمجلسوں سے فیض پایا تھا۔وہ۱۸۷۱ء میں ضلع میرٹھ کے ایک قصبہ ہاپوڑ میں پیداہوئے۔یہاں مڈل تک تعلیم پائی، پھر علی گڑھ چلے آئے اوریہاں سے۱۸۹۴ء میں بی۔اے کاامتحان پاس کیا، اس کے بعد حیدرآباد منتقل ہوگئے جہاں اُن کی زندگی کے بہترین ایام بسرہوئے۔ ایک اسکول کے ہیڈ ماسٹر مقرر ہوئے پھر انسپکٹر آف اسکولز کے عہدے پرفائز ہوئے۔اُس سے ترقی کی تواورنگ آبادکالج کے پرنسپل بنائے گئے۔اس کے بعد مولوی وحیدالدین سلیم کاانتقال ہواتواُن کی جگہ جامعۂ عثمانیہ میں اردو کے پروفیسر مقررہوئے۔موصوف جہاں اورجس حیثیت میں رہے اپنی لیاقت و قابلیت،حسن کارگردگی اورفرض شناسی کے باعث نمایاں اور ممتازہوکررہے لیکن قدرت نے جس اصل کام کے لیے پیداکیا تھا اورجس کے باعث انھیں بڑی شہرت اورعظمت نصیب ہوئی وہ ابھی تکمیل کے لیے اُن کے واسطے چشم براہ تھا۔چنانچہ جب وہ انسپکٹر آف اسکولز تھے انہی دنوں(۱۹۱۲ء) میں انجمن ترقی اردو کے سیکرٹری منتخب ہوئے۔انجمن اب تک محمڈن ایجوکیشنل کانفرنس کی ایک شاخ کی حیثیت رکھتی تھی لیکن مولوی عبدالحق صاحب نے اس کواتنی ترقی دی کہ وہ جلد ہی ایک مستقل انجمن بن گئی اوراس کی سرگرمیوں کاحلقہ وسیع ترہوتا چلا گیا۔
انجمن کے سیکرٹری منتخب ہونے سے لے کر اپنی زندگی کے آخری سانس تک موصوف نے اردو زبان وادب کی ہمہ جہتی خدمات جس محنت و استقلال، عزم وہمت اورایثارو قربانی کے ساتھ کم وبیش ایک نصف صدی تک انجام دی ہیں وہ صرف اردو زبان وادب کے حلقوں میں نہیں بلکہ تاریخ کے بڑے لوگوں کی صف میں جگہ دینے...

IMPLEMENTASI METODE TAMI OTAKA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN HAFALAN AL-QURAN DI TK PINTAR KOTA BANDUNG

The purpose of this research is to see the implementation, evaluation, and advantages and disadvantages of the Tami Otaka Method. The Tami Otaka Method is a method of memorizing by using the ability of the right brain by means of the students memorizing the Qur’an while moving their hands from the verse they are reading. The type of research taken is field research using a qualitative approach. The object of this research is TK PINTAR Bandung, which includes the principal, tahfidz teacher, curriculum, and students. To obtain research data, researcher used observation, interview, and documentation techniques. This research uses descriptive qualitative analysis, so that the results of this study are manifested in the form of words both orally and verbally. The results obtained are as follows: first, to achieve purpose of the learning, TK PINTAR Bandung uses the Tami Otaka method with the help of audio, visual, audio-visual and body movements of a teacher. Second, the curriculum used is a synthesis of the National Curriculum and the Typical Curriculum of TK PINTAR Bandung. Third, learning is carried out in groups. Fourth, the evaluation is given continuously everyday and there is also an evaluation every semester.   Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan, penerapan, evaluasi serta kelebihan dan kekurangan dari Metode Tami Otaka. Metode Tami Otaka adalah Metode menghafal menggunakan kemampuan otak kanan dengan cara siswa menghafal Al-Qur’an sambil menggerakkan tangan dari arti ayat yang dibaca. Jenis penelitian yang diambil adalah penelitian lapangan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Objek penelitian ini adalah lembaga TK PINTAR Bandung yang di dalamnya ada kepala sekolah, guru tahfidz, kurikulum, dan siswa. Untuk memperoleh data penelitian, peneliti menggunakan teknik observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis kualitatif deskriptif, sehingga hasil dari penelitian ini diwujudkan dalam bentuk kata-kata baik tulisan maupun lisan. Hasil penelitian diperoleh sebagai berikut: pertama, untuk mencapai tujuan pembelajaran, TK PINTAR Bandung menggunakan metode Tami Otaka dengan dibantu media auido, visual, audio-visual dan gerakan tubuh dari seorang guru. Kedua, kurikulum yang digunakan sintesis dari kurikulum Nasional dan kurikulum khas TK PINTAR Bandung. Ketiga, pembelajaran dilakukan secara berkelompok. Keempat, evaluasi diberikan terus menerus setiap harinya dan ada juga evaluasi tiap semester.  

Catalytic Hydrocracking of Waste Plastics to Liquid Fuels

The worldwide production of plastic products has been increasing rapidly over the last few decades. This increase in plastic production has resulted in gigantic amount of plastic waste. Conventional methods for waste plastic management such as landfilling and incineration are susceptible to many environmental hazards that necessitate the need of recycling of plastic wastes. Chemical recycling methods are encouraged all over the world and hydrocracking is the most advantageous process among them. Hydrocracking occurs at low temperatures and converts waste plastics into high quality liquid fuel. In the present work, hydrocracking of a municipal waste model plastic mixture is studied using inhouse synthesized mesoporous and composite catalysts. Commercial zeolite USY (CBV720), ZSM-5 (CBV2314), and beta (CP811C-300) catalysts are used to prepare their respective micro-mesoporous composite catalysts. Al-SBA-15 and various Al-SBA-16 catalysts are synthesized with increased acidic character. Some mesoporous composite catalysts with zeolite nano-seeds are also prepared. The catalysts are characterized by using SEM, TEM, XRD, EDX, N2-BET, FTIR, and py-FTIR techniques. The results of characterizations showed the desired form of the catalysts. In order to screen out some of the catalysts, hydrocracking experiments with the model plastic mixture are conducted in a high pressure autoclave reactor. Initial experiments are performed at initial cold hydrogen pressure of 20 bar, 60 min residence time, feed to catalyst ratio of 20:1 (by wt.), and at various levels of temperature (350‒425°C). The products of the reactions are analyzed for conversion and yields of gas, oil (n-heptane soluble portion of liquid), and liquid. The oil produced is further analyzed with GC-FID and FTIR analysis. On the basis of conversion and selectivity towards liquid enriched with gasoline, five best performing catalysts are chosen for additional experimentation. These catalysts are then tested with HDPE and actual waste plastic mixture. Stability of these five supports is evaluated by using spent catalysts and regenerated spent catalysts from a previous run. Two catalysts performed remarkably well in all these experiments. The two catalysts are the composite of zeolite ZSM-5 (ZC-FP) and the composite of zeolite beta (BC27). The five best catalysts are then impregnated with 0.5wt% of platinum to prepare their respective bifunctional catalysts. The performance of these five platinum impregnated catalysts is then evaluated by hydrocracking the model plastic mixture at three reaction temperatures (325°C, 350°C, and 375°C). It is found that after platinum impregnation all the catalysts produced higher conversion and higher gaseous yield than that of their corresponding catalysts without impregnation. The quality of oil obtained over these platinum catalysts is much better with higher amounts of alkanes, lower amounts of aromatics, and lower quantities of unsaturated compounds. Among these impregnated catalysts PtBC27 produced the highest liquid yield with increased gasoline content. This catalyst is then tested with actual waste plastic mixture at 60 min residence time, 20 bar initial cold hydrogen pressure, feed to catalyst ratio of 20:1 (by wt.), and reaction temperature of 375°C. It is observed that this catalyst delivered 90.1wt% conversion and 68.6wt% liquid yield with gasoline content of 65.8wt%. In parallel reactions, ZC-FP catalysts is impregnated with different combinations of metals and tested with model plastic mixture at 325°C, 350°C, and 375°C. It is found that CoRuZC-FP catalyst produced the highest liquid yield at 375°C. However, its oil contained lower quantity of gasoline than that obtained over PtZC-FP and PtPdZCFP catalysts. The ZC-FP catalyst is also used to investigate the effect of change in initial cold hydrogen pressure, catalyst amount, and residence time at different reaction temperatures. This data is then used to study the kinetics of the hydrocracking reaction. The regression of the experimental data is carried out and a simple kinetic model is developed where the activation energy for the hydrocracking reaction is found to be 236.8 kJ/mol. Finally, a commercial hydrocracking unit is conceptualized and a process flow diagram of the process is developed.
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