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۱۱۔ پتھریلے شہر

پتھریلے شہر

میں شام کی اداس پگڈنڈی پر دن بھر کے تھکے سورج کی مانند بیٹھا تھا

’’کیوں ‘‘۔۔۔۔۔ ’’کس لیے‘‘

میں اپنے وجود کی نفی کے بارے میں سوچ رہا تھا

منتشر خیالات کا سیلِ رواں رگوں میں محو ِ گردش تھا

ذہن تاریک جھونپڑے کی مانند آزاردہ تھا

شوریدہ سری میری بینائی نگل چکی تھی

میں تصورات کے پتھروںسے ٹھوکریں کھاتا ہوا

اس جھونپڑے میں جا پہنچا جہاں کبھی زندگی ہار دی تھی

اچانک ایک ٹھوکر سے بینائی بحال ہو گئی

Students’ Perceptions About Internet Usage and its Impact on Their Academic Performance

The present study explores students’ perception regarding internet usage and its impact on their academic performance at elementary level in district Peshawar, KP. The study was quantitative in nature. The population includes both (male and female) elementary schools of district Peshawar, KP. Purposive sampling technique was used. The data was collected from (141) students through close-ended questionnaire based on five point Likert’s scale. The collected data was tabulated and analyzed by using MS word, SPSS software and Chi-square. The major conclusions show that both male and female students were having same views about using internet and agree that using internet makes their study more convenient, useful and improve their learning skills. It helps in improving their grades. The study concludes that while using internet, the students are also facing some problems such as shortage of power, affects eyesight and critical thinking and pain in shoulders etc. Some recommendations made by the study were that proper training and guidance may be provided to students for using internet.

Food Consumption in Pakistan: A Comparison of Quality Effect Across Regions and Provinces

The study estimated quantity, expenditure and quality elasticities for major food products in Pakistan and provided comparison of quality effect across regions, provinces and income quintiles using data from the HIES part of PSLM 2007-08 (first period) and 2010-11 (second period). The elasticities of interest were obtained via log-log inverse functional form of Engel equation. Coefficients of parameters (?? , ?? , ?? and ?? ) in most of the selected food items were found statistically significant reflecting that the log-log-inverse (LLI) formulation of the model fit the data well and validate nonlinear behavior of Engel relationship for food consumption in Pakistan. The quantity elasticities during both periods remained less than unity except milk packed in Sindh province with reasonable variations in magnitude across regions, provinces and income quintiles. Compared to the first period, with a few exceptions, quantity elasticities have increased during the second period and were larger at the upper income quintiles relative to the lower ones. In most of the products, quantity elasticities were higher for rural households than urban ones during both the periods. Likewise, expenditure elasticities have increased considerably in Pakistan during the second period compared to the first one for most of the food commodities. A pattern similar to quantity elasticities was also observed in expenditure elasticities across regions, provinces and income quintiles. For most of the products, the estimates of quality elasticities were positive in both the periods implying that households in Pakistan purchase higher quality food as their income rises. During both the periods, the quality elasticities for most of the food items decreased for rural households compared to urban ones. A considerable variability was observed in quality elasticities among provinces and income quintiles in terms of magnitude for various food items. Thus, with the exception of a few products, Pakistani households, in general, not only demand more quantity but also higher quality of food as their income rises. Hence, from the policy point of view, evidence of positive demand for quality food would facilitate devising food policy for the development of food markets in terms of market segmentation and quality improvements in Pakistan. Resultantly, this would be an important driver of food demand and future food projections, with possibility of creating different marketing opportunities, and increased welfare for Pakistani populace. Key Words: Food Consumption, quantity elasticity, expenditure elasticity, quality elasticity, urban/rural households, income quintiles, provinces, Pakistan
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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