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کھوٹا سکہ

کھوٹا سکہ کھرا بیٹا

ممتاز  حسین

گرنام سنگھ کے چائے کے کھوکھے کے باہر رکھے ہوئے بنچ پر چھ گلاسوں والے چھکےمیں رکھے تین  ادھ  بھرےچائے کے گلاسوں کو بارش پورا کرتھی اور کھوکھے پر موم جامے میں لپٹے ریڈیو میں  زہرہ پائی انبالے والی کی مدھ بھری آواز میں انیس سو چالیس کا  مشہور نغمہ "ساون کے بادلوں۔۔۔ان سےجا  کہو"۔ گانے کو ماحول مہیا کر رہی تھی۔ جب سے گرنام سنگھ نے مومی لفافہ خریداتھا۔ اس وقت سے کسی نے  ریڈیو کو برہنہ نہیں دیکھا تھا۔   ریڈیو کی دوشیزگی گرنام سنگھ غیرت مند باپ کی طرح برقرار رکھے ہواتھا۔  کھوکھے والی گلی کے نکڑ پر ایک دکھی عورت اپنے دونوں ہاتھ اٹھا کر کچھ کہہ رہی تھی، پتہ نہیں اس کے لب بھی گانے کے لفظوں کو دہرا رہے تھے۔ اس کے دونوں ہاتھوں میں اچانک ایک روپے کا سکہ آن گرا۔ اس نے منہ آسمان کی طرف اٹھا کے دیکھنا چاہا کہ سکہ کس نے مجھے دیا ہے تیربرساتے قطروں کےساتھ کالے بادل بھی اپنا غصہ بجلی چمکا کر دکھا رہے تھے۔ دائیں بائیں دیکھا تو ایک فقیر جس کا کاسہ کارتوس  کی پیٹی کی مانند کندھے سےلٹکا تھا۔ باآواز بلند کہے جارہا تھا ’’جو دے اس کا بھی بھلا جو نہ دے اس کا بھی بھلا۔ دینا ہے تو خیر کی خیرات دے‘‘۔ دکھی عورت نے بھاگ کر فقیرکو آن لیا۔  ’’ٹھہرنا ‘‘ ۔۔۔فقیر رک گیا ۔ اوراس نے اپنے کندھے اور کمر سے لٹکے ہوئے کاسے کو سیدھا کر عورت کے سامنے بھیک کے لیے پھیلایا۔  ’’دینا ہے تو خیر کی خیرات دے‘‘۔ عورت نے دکھی آواز میں فقیر سے کہا ’’میں تو خود مصیبتوں کی ماری ہوں ۔ میں کہا  ںخیرات دے سکتی ہوں۔ کیا یہ سکہ آپ نے میری ہتھیلی پر رکھا ہے...

Impact of ‘Open Data’ and its Effectiveness forPakistan Social Issues: Learning fromthe UK Experience

Developmental projects are essential ingredients of prosperity and well-being. Every nation has to ensure that her people are living in a perfect and safe sociopolitical environment. However, it varies from region to region and place to place. UK as a country is a big economy which is capable of giving its people the type of security they need. For this purpose, various types of strategies have been emphasized which enable the government to look for the benefit of its people. Open data system is one of these important developments which have been initiated by the UK government to provide huge access to databases. It improves their learning and knowledge, and gives the opportunity to think ‘out of box’. It also enables people to polish their learning skills and take things out of their resources and utilize them fully. Although, there is some compulsion on the use of private data sources, yet it is necessary to know that not all data are confidential. The research looks into the pros and cons of using open data systems and to assess its impacts on the social and political development in UK. The use of open data system is not only beneficial for the people to perform their daily life tasks, it is important to evade corruption and foster great accountability of national institutions. So, there remains feeble chance of witnessing corruption in the society that could cause chaos in the nation. The use of open data systems is important for boosting up innovation and creativity for a developing country like Pakistan. Open data system has been seen playing a big part in establishing a trend of innovative growth pushed by the availability of these resources. The influence and impact of ‘Open Data’ has largely been observed during the recent Coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) where the government has utilized the data to tackle the disease in Pakistan.

Synthesis and Characterization of Cu-Based Nanomaterials With Emphasis on Interfacial Studies

With the objective to produce stable Cu nanoparticles (NPs) of size ≤10 nm for their multi- facet applications particularly as an electrocatalyst for the CO 2 reduction, various synthesis routes have been systematically applied. Otherwise quite reactive towards atmosphere, the desired Cu NPs were stabilized by incorporating the metal in inert matrix of Au to produce Au x Cu 1-x NPs (x=0 to 1). For the purpose both single- and two-phase wet chemical routes having various combinations of stabilizers, reductants and reaction media were employed and the NPs were characterized by various pertinent techniques such as UV-visible and FTIR spectroscopy, TEM, HRTEM, STEM, elemental analysis, XPS and XRD. The NPs synthesized using alkyl amines, acting as both phase transfer agents and stabilizers, were not only in the desired size range but also exhibited adequate stability. However, the most interesting feature of amine-capped bimetallic NPs, confirmed using HRTEM, STEM and XPS measurements, was the surface segregation of Cu. From the temperature dependent XRD studies higher crystallinity in the cores of Au x Cu 1-x NPs has been established. As for the pure Cu nanostructures, they were produced on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) from acidified SO 42− and Cl − media using chronoamperometry (CA), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry on rotating GCE (RDE); the techniques also provided useful information such as optimal conditions to be applied for the CO 2 reduction reaction (CRR) on in-situ produced Cu nanostructures. Regarding the Cu nucleation, CV study provided various relevant parameters and CA data fitted to the Scharifker-Hills models furnished information on kinetics and mechanism while RDE experiments were utilized to find out kinetic current density (j k ) and rate constant (k f ) of the process. FESEM coupled with EDX clearly demonstrated formation of Cu nano-dendrites. Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) has been used to establish products of the CRR. From the above mentioned electrochemical techniques it has been demonstrated that instead of using bulk Cu, addition of just few mM Cu(II) in the reaction mixture produces more efficient and durable in-situ catalyst for the CRR. Compared to SO 42− it is better to use Cl − medium which renders stability to Cu(I) centers that have additional role towards higher catalytic activity of the in- situ Cu. An interesting phenomenon observed for the CO 2 -saturated solutions is the splitting of Cu anodic peak with the Cl − concentration; a mechanism has been proposed which could very well be substantiated by additional CV experiments carried out in the presence of Cu(I) and CO. DEMS experiments employed for online characterization of the CRR products have provided evidence for the formation of CH 3 OH and CH 4 which being products of interest in the area of alternate fuels.
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