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خواجہ حیدر علی آتشؔ

آتش کی شاعری کی نمایاں خصوصیات
روانی اور موسیقیت:
آتش کی شاعری میں ہمیں ایک خاص روانی اور موسیقیت نظر آتی ہے جو پڑھنے والے پر ایک خاص اثر چھوڑتی ہے۔
بندش الفاظ جڑنے میں نگوں سے کم نہیں
شاعری بھی کام ہے آتش مرصع ساز
اس شعر کی وجہ سے آتش کو محض مرصع ساز کہنا زیادتی ہوگی ان کے اشعار میں الفاظ کی خوبصورتی کے ساتھ ساتھ رنگین فکر بھی نظر آتی ہے۔
موضوعات کا تنوع:
آتش کے کلام میں ہمیں مختلف موضوعات نظر آتے ہیں ان کے ہاں عشق و عاشقی کے موضوعات کے علاوہ تصوف کی جھلک بھی نظر آتی ہے زندگی کے مسائل بھی نمایاں نظر آتے ہیں لوگوں کے رویے بھی جو شخصیت پر اثرات پیدا کرتے ہیں اس کا اظہار بھی ان کی شاعری میں نظر آتا ہے اخلاق کا پہلو کہیں کہیں جھلکتا ہے۔
خارجیت اور داخلیت کا رنگ:
آتش کے اکثر کلام پر خار جیت کا رنگ بہت گہرا ہے لیکن اس کے ساتھ ساتھ داخلیت کا بھی اثر نظر آتا ہے آتش کی خارجیت وہ خارجیت نہیں ہے جس کی وجہ سے دبستان لکھنو بد نام ہے آتش کی شاعری میں زندگی کے جذبات و احساسات بھی نظر آتے ہیں کچھ ایسے معاملات کا ذکر بھی کرتے ہیں جس کا تعلق خارجیت سے ہے بقول ڈاکٹر سید عبداللہ:
" زندگی کے متعلق لکھنؤ کا نظریہ پر امید تھا مسرت و راحت لکھنؤ کے دو عزیز مقاصد تھے آتش نے بھی ان عزیز مقاصد کی ترجمانی کی ہے۔"
دبستان لکھنو اور دبستان دہلی کا امتزاج:
آتش کی شاعری میں دبستان دہلی کی روایت، جذبات اور داخلی خصوصیات نظر آتی ہیں لیکن اس کے ساتھ ساتھ ہمیں دبستان لکھنو کی چھاپ بھی نظر آتی ہے آتش ے ہاں کہیں کہیں خارجی تشبیہات اور استعارات ،قافیہ پیمائی کے اثرات...

تاریخ کبیر میں امام بخاری کا رواۃ پر تنقید کے اسلوب کاجائزہ

Muḥadithīn have played a dynamic role in the preservation and compilation of Ḥadīth of the Prophet (SAW). Among them the contribution of Imam Bukhārī is unavoidable and remarkable in the field of Ḥadīth and its sciences. Since, he is known “Hafiz and Compiler” and considered as “Imam” and “authority” in the field of both higher and lower criticism. His book "Al-Tārīkh al Kabīr" (08 volumes) is considered as one of the ancient books in field of Ḥadīth and its sciences. This paper aims to describe the methodology of Imam Bukhārī in Al-Tārīkh al Kabīr. He described the biography of thirteen thousand seven hundred and seventy nine only (13779) in alphabetic order. Although his methodology was to mention names of the narrators alphabetically, but in respect with the Prophet (SAW), he gave place to eleven narrators among the companion whom names were started with the names of “Muhammad”. In the Methodology of Imam Bukhārī (RA), it is found that either the narrators are rejected or given authenticity, on the basis of not only his own examinations but he relied on the sayings of other Muḥadithīn as well. It is also pertinent to mention that he awarded degree to a little number of the narrators while left over most of the narrators undecided, because the main objective of the book was to portray the biographies of the narrators rather to make analysis of all the narrators.

Poverty Alleviation and its Dynamics in the Agrarian Strcture of Rural Pakistan: A Case Study of Sindh Province

The purpose of this research is to analyze the increasing trends of rural poverty in Sindh province of Pakistan..The related material was collected from the various government publications as well as household survey through primary method (survey Method). Two districts of Sindh province of Pakistan namely Thatta and Khairpur were surveyed on random sampling. From each district, 150 respondents were selected. In this way, 300 growers, possessed their own land, were interviewed personally from both districts. While analyzing the data, the Ereelawn model: C=a+b In, was used to determine poverty in rural Sindh. Keeping in view the official poverty line of Rs. 875.64 per adult monthly to meet 2350 calorie as recommended by the Planning Commission in the year 2004-05. The data were classified into three groups i.e. group A, B below subsistence holding and group C subsistence and above subsistence holding in both districts. Due to shortage of irrigation water, group A cultivated land of 341.25 acres out of 540 acres, group B brought land under cultivation of 373.75 acres out of 575 acres and group C cultivated 414 acres out of 690 acres in district Thatta. Similarly group A cultivated 358.4 acres out of total 560 acres, group B cultivated land 380.8 acres out of total 595, acres and group C brought under cultivation 435 acres out of total 725 acres in district Khairpur. The output of their farms decreased which affected the income of growers. The average monthly income of each grower group A stood Rs. 3,089.7 against the monthly expenditure Rs. 4453.88. Similarly, the average monthly income of each grower of group B was Rs. 5,651 and the expenditure was made Rs. 5,453.88. This group in just above the poverty line. The average income of each grower of C was Rs. 12,599.4 and the expenditure was Rs. 7,453.88. This group proves to be in better positionIII The average monthly income of each grower of group A in district Khairpur was Rs. 3,295.29 and the expenditure was made Rs. 4653.88 which indicated below poverty line. The average income of each grower of group B stood Rs. 5818.48 and Rs. 5,753.88 were spent by each grower of that group, which was just above the poverty line. The average income of each grower of group C was Rs. 13,412.5 as compared to expenditure Rs. 8,053.88 monthly. This group is in better position because of the large size of the farms. It is analyzed from the study that 50% population of rural Sindh is below poverty line, 33.33% population on just above the poverty line and 16.67% of population is in better position to provide facilities to their family members. The poverty can be reduced in rural Sindh by increasing the output of the agricultural sector. by timely irrigation for agricultural growth. In this regard, the appropriate government macro policies are essential for providing the actual share of irrigation to the growers of Sindh as per Water Accord 1991.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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