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خطبات ِ استفہامیہ کے اسرار و حکم و امثال

خطبات ِ استفہامیہ کے اسرار و حکم و امثال

قرآن مجید میں کثیر آیاتِ مبارکہ ہیں جن میں استفہامیہ اندازِ خطاب اپنایا گیا ہے ۔ چونکہ قرآنِ مجید کا یہ اعجاز ہے کہ اس میں بہت سے اسرار و رموز چھپے ہیں جو کہ گرائمر اور علوم و فنون کے اعتبار سے مختلف ہیں۔ لہذا فصل ہذا میں قرآن مجید سےحروف ِ استفہامیہ اور اسمائے استفہامیہ پر مشتمل آیات کو نقل کیا جائے گا اور تفسیری اسرار و حکم کو بیان کیا جائے گا۔

علم مختلف الحدیث پر امام شافعی کے تفکرات کا تحقیقی مطالعہ

After the era of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W), there were dissimilarities in interpretations of contradictive revelations by Muhammad (S.A.W) thereby questioning their authentication while being considered a basic source of extracting the Sharia acts. In this context, Imam Shāfʿī studies all the dissimilarities and contradictions and devised finest principles which performed very positive role in rationalizing the conflicting Ahadiths. He was first to discuss these matters in an innovative manner. It is therefore, essential for investigator to refer to Shāfʿīs principles to rationalize any Hadith lying under contradiction. Imam Shāfʿī stated that Hadith is not itself contradicting but its apparent meaning leads the investigator into misconception. Consequently, he has stated three methods to remove this conflict. First is the combination (جمع) which recommends working on both Ahadiths at the same time rather than leaving either of them. Second is the abrogation (تنسیخ) which requires extensive knowledge of Quran and History before inferring the final decision of Muhammad (S.A.W) and scholars widely recommend Imam Shāfiʿī in recognizing abrogated Ahadiths. Third is preference (ترجيح) which is based upon peripheral attributes.

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Shape Memory Polyurethanes

Shape memory polyurethanes (SMPUs) have attracted much attention from academic and industrial researchers due to strong potential in biomedical and consumer applications. Shape memory materials are featured by the ability to remember and recover their original shape from a significant and seemingly deformation when a particular stimulus is applied. The attractive feature is the glass transition temperature which can be tailored for shape restoration. In order to better and more efficiently investigate application possibilities, polyurethane shape memory polymers have been synthesized to correlate structural properties and molecular engineering at required thermal transition by varying structural contributors including nature of diisocyanates, macrodiol and chain extenders. The present work has been divided into three major sections, which have been further divided into sub sections. In the first section shape memory polyurethane were synthesized by step growth polymerization technique varying the molecular weight of PCL and chain extenders. Thermo-mechanical, structural, morphological and shape memory behavior of polyurethane elastomers were analyzed and discussed. The results revealed that by increasing molecular weight of PCL as well as chain extender length, the thermal transitions of soft segments increased, SEM and AFM studies help to confirm phase segregation, also increasing shape memory properties were observed. In the second section optimized %age of glycerin was used to synthesize polyurethane elastomer along with increasing molecular weight of PCL and chain extenders length. DSC, DMTA results showed increasing thermal stability with increasing polyol and chain extender molecular weight. The glycerin based polyurethane showed crystallinity, phase separation and hydrophilic surface in high molecular weight PCL, while increasing HSC exhibited good shape memory behavior. The third section consists of nano filler based polyurethane. All composite showed variable trends, however addition of nano filler showed improvement in the thermo-mechanical as well as shape retention and shape recovery behavior of SMPUs.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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