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اقبال شناسی کے تناظر میں فیض اور جابر علی سید کا اختصاصی مطالعہ

اقبال شناسی کےتناظر میں فیض اور جابر علی سید کا اختصاصی مطالعہ

اردو ادب میں اقبال شناسی ایک بلند مقام و مرتبہ رکھتی ہے۔ سیالکوٹ کے مشاہیر کی بڑی تعداد نے اقبا ل شناسی پر نمایاں کام کیا ہے۔میجر اقبا ل ڈار ،نعیم اللہ ملک ،ٖڈاکٹر نظیر صوفی،امان اللہ  خاں،آسی ضیائی رامپوری،خالد نظیر صوفی،ڈاکٹر الحمید عرفانی ،مولوی الف دین  نفیس،یوسف سلیم چشتی ،مولانا ظفر علی خاں،چودھری محمد حسین ،فیض احمد فیض   جابر علی سید اور   سیالکوٹ سے تعلق رکھنے والے دیگر مشاہیر نے فکر اقبال پر قابلِ قد ر کام کیا ہے۔البتہ پیش نظر آرٹیکل میں دو معروف مشاہیر فیض اور جابر علی سید کا تنقیدی و جائزہ پیش کیا گیا ہے ۔  
فیض احمد فیض ایک شاعر ،نثر نگار کے ساتھ ساتھ اقبال شناس بھی ہیں۔ فیض احمد  بین الاقوامی شہرت یافتہ شاعر ہیں۔ فیضؔ عظیم مفکر اقبال  کے فکروفلسفہ سے خاص نسبت رکھتے تھے ۔ ان دونوں کے کئی اساتذہ  اور تعلیمی درسگاہیں بھی مشترک تھیں۔فیض اور اقبال دونوں  کاجائے پیدائش سیالکوٹ ہےعلاوہ ازیں دونوں کے والد بھی آپس میں گہرے دوست تھے۔ فیض کی  طرح جابر علی سیدایک شاعر ،نقاد ،ماہر لسانیات وعر وض کے ساتھ ساتھ اقبال شناس بھی ہیں۔ جابر نے کئی ادبی مشاہیر کو اپنی تنقید کا موضوع بنایا ہے۔ انھوں نے علامہ اقبال کے کلام اور فن و فکر کو اپنی خصوصی توجہ کا محور بنایا ہے۔ تحقیق وتنقید کے سلسلے میں اقبال جابر کا پسندیدہ موضوع تھا۔ انھوں نے فکر ِاقبال پر بھرپور انداز اور دل وجان سے سپرد قلم کیا۔ اس سلسلے میں انھوں نے اقبال پر باقاعدہ کتب بھی تصنیف کی ہیں۔
فیض احمد فیض ایک شاعر اورنثر نگار کے ساتھ ساتھ اقبال شناس بھی ہیں۔ علامہ اقبال پر لکھے ہوئے مضامین پر مشتمل فیضؔ کی کتاب’’اقبال‘‘ ۱۹۸۷ء میں شائع ہوئی۔ اس کتاب کا ناشر...

معاصر مسلم تعلیمی حالت اور مستقبل کے چیلنجز: پاکستان کے تناظر میں

The history of Muslim Education reveals that there was no difference of materialistic and religious education in the past. However, for the last two centuries, Muslim world divided into many ideologies which consequently produced separate educational institutions for every ideology. In the secular/modern educational institutions, religious and metaphysical studies are missing while, on the other hand, religious seminaries focus on the pure religious education. In such a situation, two kinds of students are graduating from our educational institutions which do not have congruence in practical life with each other. Present Muslim world in dire need of a comprehensive educational system combining the modern secular and religious subjects in an appropriate manner. Currently, if Islamic world is distressed technologically at one hand, it is divided in many sects, on the other. Therefore, acquisition of scientific and religious, both kinds of education are required for Muslims. In the present paper, the responsibilities of Muslim world are discussed to face the current and future challenges from educational perspective in order to portray a true picture of Islam and its followers.

Wheat Disease Surveillance, Genetic Structure and Temporal Shifts of Puccinia Striiformis Population Across Pakistan

Wheat is among one of the earliest crops domesticated associated with human civilization and it is still the backbone of agriculture in Pakistan because of its cultivation on 70% of the total cultivatable land. Substantial yield production is the ultimate aim of all research in wheat production, particularly the objective of wheat genetic improvement. Among various yield constraints, wheat diseases are the most important, which needs to be monitored continually. Among wide array of diseases on wheat, the diseases caused by fungal pathogens i.e. rusts (yellow, leaf and stem rust) and powdery mildew diseases are of intense important in Pakistan. This study was designed to assess the status of these diseases across Pakistan and population structure of wheat yellow rust pathogen through surveillance effort made during 2016 and 2017 and subsequent population genetic analyses. A total of 437 fields in 63 districts during 2016 and 480 fields in 69 districts during 2017 were surveyed, covering four provinces of Pakistan and AJK. The survey involved inspection and sample collection from the naturally infected (mainly farmers‟) fields across the whole country in major wheat growing regions. Although yellow rust was observed as a major disease across Pakistan during these two years, leaf rust prevailed significantly in southern areas and powdery mildew in northern areas. The diseases prevalence and severity varied across two years, yellow rust was more severe during 2016, while leaf rust and powdery mildew prevailed during 2017. High yellow rust severity (60% or higher severity) was observed in 11% fields during 2016 and in 7% fields during 2017. In KP, high disease was recorded in 76 fields, 61 fields in Punjab and 24 fields in Sindh. In AJK one field and none of the field in Baluchistan with high yellow rust was observed. High leaf rust severity was recorded in 3% fields during 2016 and 4.3% fields during 2017. High leaf rust disease was recorded in 2 fields in KP, 14 fields in Punjab and 51 fields in Sindh. In AJK one field and none of the field in Baluchistan had high leaf rust. Powdery mildew prevailed mainly in northern KP and AJK in a total of 2.3% fields with high disease severity across two years. Maximum highly infected fields were observed in KP (18 fields), in Punjab two fields and one field in AJK. Stem rust was recorded only at CDRI Karachi which was artificially inoculated to evaluate various varieties against stem rust. No natural stem rust infection was recorded over two years. A total of 18 varieties were found to be highly susceptible to yellow rust including Galaxy-13, TD-1, Kiran95, TJ-1, TJ-83, Sehar, Bakhtawar, Ghanimat-e-IBGE, PS-05, PS-08, Shahkar, Salim, Naya Amber, Sarsabz, Morocco, Khattakwal, Skd-1 and Inqilab-91 along with some breeding line. A total of 13 wheat cultivars were highly susceptible to leaf rust viz. Galaxy-13, Sehar, TD-1, Kiran-95, TJ-1, TJ-83, Aas-11, Yecora, Morocco, Marvi, Shafaq, Sarsabz and Inqilab-91 along with some breeding lines. In case of powdery mildew, Galaxy-2013, PS-05, PS-08, Faisalabad2008, Shahkar and some local lines were found highly susceptible to powdery mildew. Despite high disease pressure, some varieties like Benazir, Insaf, Pukhtunkhwa, PS-15, Gold-16, Borlaug-16, Sindhu-16, Ujala-16, Johar-16, NARC-11 etc. exhibited better performance to yellow and leaf rust diseases. From the yellow rust infected fields, regardless of the severity level, resulted in collection of around 1500 samples, which were genotyped with successful profiles generation for 1053 samples. Population genetics analyses of the multilocus genotyping of these 1053 P. striiformis samples with 16 SSR markers revealed high genotypic diversity across all locations and recombination signature at few locations. Various diversity parameters assessed for P. striiformis populations revealed high genotypic diversity during 2016 as compared to 2017. High genotypic diversity was observed in KP and AJK, while diversity was low in Sindh. The difference in mean He and Ho were significant across all location except in AJK where difference was non-significant. A non-significant difference was also observed at Hazara, Malakand, Lahore and Sahiwal divisions during 2016 only. Diversity assessed in geographical divisions revealed high genotypic diversity in Malakand, Peshawar and Hazara divisions, while least diversity was observed in samples of Karachi. No geographical based divergence was observed through analyses of population subdivision. Neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree and PCoA analysis suggested lack of any geographical regions/province specific structure further confirmed by low FST values among all provinces. The maximum FST value was observed between Baluchistan and Punjab population (0.06) and the minimum value was calculated between AJK & Baluchistan, and Sindh & Punjab. Lack of spatial structure was also confirmed by calculating FST for all provinces population in each year. The maximum FST value was observed between Sindh_16 and AJK_17 (0.113) and the minimum was observed between AJK_17 & KP_17 and AJK_17 & Punjab_17 (0.001). Clustering analysis based on DAPC identified five distinct genetic groups. In KP all the five genetic groups with unassigned individual were present, while in Punjab, G1 and G4 genetic groups were predominant and in Sindh G2 and G3 genetic groups were predominant. Samples from AJK were assigned in G1, G3 and G4 groups. In 2017, G4 became predominant in AJK, KP and Punjab, where it was not predominant during 2016. In Sindh, G2 prevailed during 2016, while G4 prevailed in 2017 population. Our analysis also confirmed lack of any host specific structure of the pathogen. All five genetic groups were observed on Galaxy-13, the most widely deployed wheat variety in Pakistan during 2016 and 2017. Absence of regional/host specific structure was further confirmed by presence of multiple genetic groups on Galaxy-13 at a given location and dispersal of these samples on Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree. Spatial distribution of the MLGs was assessed to see the dispersal of clones across various geographical regions. Resampling of MLGs over time reflect on the very limited pass-over of clones from one year to the second year through clonality, confirming further the role of recombination in maintaining the high genetic diversity. A total of 15 MLGs were resampled over the two years. Our overall results suggested the yellow rust to be the most widespread and important disease across Pakistan, along with a very high diversity in the recombinant P. striiformis population without any spatial population and hostspecific structure. These results has multiple implications to disease management and resistance gene deployment, which must be considered to keep the disease burden below the economic level, not only in Pakistan but worldwide through preemptive measures against invasive lineages from the zone of diversity in Pakistan.
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