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مقدمہ

مقدمہ
اْردو زبان و ادب کے طلبہ اور اساتذہ کے لیے ایک خوب صورت علمی تحفہ
ڈاکٹر عظیم اللہ جندران
میں سوچتا ہوں کہ اس گلستاں میں ہوسکے تو گلاب اْگائیں
وہ جس کا حرف حرف آگہی ہو، ورق ورق وہ کتاب اْگائیں
(پروفیسر اسلم انصاری)
درخت اپنے پھل سے پہچانا جاتا ہے۔اْستاد کی پہچان اس کے شاگرد ہوتے ہیں۔ عزیزم محترم نعمت اللہ ارشد گھمن راقم السطور کے شاگردانِ رشید میں شامل ہیں۔ موصوف کا شمار میرے نہایت مودب،مہذب ، ملنسار اور ممتاز شاگردوں میں ہوتا ہے۔ ماشاء اللہ تعالی! الحمدللہ!
یہ امر باعث مسرت ہے نعمت اللہ ارشد گھمن صاحب اپنے سروس کیریئر میں بفضل تعالیٰ جل جلالہ بطفیل مصطفیٰﷺ بتدریج ارتقائی مراحل کی طرف رواں دواں ہیں۔ شعبہ تعلیم میں معلم اور متعلم کے منصب پر فائز رہتے ہوئے جناب ِ گھمن اب مصنف، مولف، مرتب اور محقق کی پیشہ ورانہ جہات کی طرف قدم اٹھا رہے ہیں۔ بقول فاروق امیر:
نئی راہوں کو ہم نے کھوجنا ہے
نئے منظر، نظارے سوجھتے ہیں!
’’ مباحث:‘‘ محترم گھمن صاحب کی تازہ تصنیف و تالیف ہے۔ اس کتاب کا انتساب دو اساتذہ کرام کے نام ہے۔ کتاب کا اولین انتساب جس شخصیت کے نام ہے وہ مصنف و مولف کی والدہ محترمہ ہیں۔والدہ محترمہ کی گود ہر انسان کے لیے اولین درس گاہ ہے۔ پہلی دانش گاہ ہر ذی شعور کے لیے ماں کی گود ہی ہوتی ہے۔ انتساب میں دوسرا نام محترم'ڈاکتر فرتاش سید مرحوم" کا ہے۔
Teacher is the gaeway to the world of knoldge whatever be the level school, university or college(S.U. Jundran)
انتساب کے لیے یہ انتخاب اور انداز واقعی لائق تحسین اور لاجواب ہے۔ قابلِ تقلید بھی ہے۔
کتاب کا بنیادی موضوع" مباحث" ہے۔ یہ مباحث مندرجہ ذیل ابواب پر مشتمل ہیں:
تحقیق کے مباحث لسانیات کے مباحث تنقید کے مباحث...

قیام امن کے لئے حضرت عمر فاروق ؓکی خدمات

Peace has great importance both for the individual and the communal life. Wherever peace turned into unrest, the tendencies of social violence, mental sickness and insecurity start developing amongst the people. Peace and harmony were the hallmark of the reign of the 2nd caliph, Haḍrat ‘Umar. He gave the best governing mechanism to the people of Arab, when they were not fully aware of rules & regulation of government. Though the empire was wide spread, he exercised a great sort of command & control on it. He took the responsibility of providing his subjects their basic needs: Food, Shelter, Education, Peace and Justice. This was not only an ideal system of its time but became the role model for the modern welfare state. Peace and harmony is as important for a state as food & air are for life. Allāh has strongly emphasized in The Holy Qur’ān" on two things i. E., "Disharmony & hunger" which should be eliminated from a society. Haḍrat ‘Umer during his reign of 10 years presented Islām as a religion of peace & harmony, a religion, which respects humanity, peacefully resolves disagreements and curtails misuse of power. He himself possessed the qualities of peace & harmony to an utmost level, which were the traits of our Holy Prophet’s (ﷺ) personality. It is important to follow the Khilāphah of Haḍrat ‘Umar to bring peace & justice in the society.

Transcriptome Profiling of the Virus-Induced Innate Immune Responses in Chickens Challenged With Newcastle Disease Viruses of Different Pathogenicity

Newcastle disease is an acute highly contagious disease, responsible for serious economic losses to poultry industry worldwide particularly in disease endemic regions such as Pakistan. Subsequent to evolution, with the passage of time, novel genotypes and sub-genotypes are emerging worldwide raising concerns on efficacy of vaccine strains and, therefore ascertain candidate vaccines that can provide protection much better than those used before. Now a day, with the advancement in reverse genetics system, efforts are ongoing to construct a vaccine strain that, beside specific immunity, may have the potential to enhance innate immunity and therefore a better use against a viral infection. A much has been elucidated about clinical pathogenicity of NDVs of different pathotypes and genotypes in their susceptible hosts (e.g., chickens); nevertheless, corresponding to innate immune response, there is a paucity of data regarding comparative assessment of transcriptome profile in birds challenged with NDVs of varying pathogenicity to better unleash a comparative rate of expression of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their subsequent use in the development of novel vaccines through reverse genetics system. Therefore, the current study was conducted to 1) determine biologic, genomic and genotypic characterization of NDV strains isolated from waterfowl and pigeon independently, 2) a clinico-pathological assessment of these strains in chickens and pigeons and, 3) a comparative assessment of innate immune response-related genes that become either up-regulated or down-regulated upon exposure to NDV strains of varying pathogenicity in chicken using Illumia HiSeq-2500. Biological, genomic and genotypic analysis categorized the Anseriformes-originated NDV isolate as velogenic strain (sub-genotype VIIi) whereas pigeon-originated NDV isolate as mesogenic strain (sub-genotype VIm). Infectious potential of velogenic and mesogenic NDV strains was assessed in broiler chickens and pigeons, separately. For each of virus exposure, variations in the severity and duration of infection were observed among challenged and contact chickens and pigeons. Chicken were found more susceptible to velogenic strain while pigeons were found more susceptible to mesogenic strain. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed expression profile of innate immune response-related genes in lungs and spleen tissues of chickens infected with velogenic and mesogenic strains. Following Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, a total of 109 DEGs were commonly expressed in tissue samples (lung-A, spleen-A, lung-P and spleen-P). Genes associated with metabolic and cellular processes such as innate immune system associated signalling pathways, RIG-I, Toll-like, NF-Kappa β and MAPK signalling pathways for activation of interferonstimulated genes (ISGs) were more abundant. DAVID-based annotation classified these 109 genes into five major categories that included interferon stimulatory genes (ISGs) (n = 37), lymphoid tissue innate immunity (n = 30), inflammatory responses associated genes (n = 29), genes for regulation of adaptive immune components (n = 12) and toll like receptor (n = 1). While comparing lung tissues (lung-A vs lung-P), analysis revealed a significant variation in expression of 101 of 109 DEGs, whereas, 106 DEGs had significant variations in expression for spleen tissues (spleen-A vs spleen-P). Out of 109 DEGs, for lung tissue, six genes (CD22, CR2, FOXS1, ITGA6, KMTSE, LYST, USP15 and USP33) had a non-significant difference in rate of expression while it was three genes (IL15, KLHL13, MKO7) for spleen tissue. Hence, post-infection with NDVs of varying pathogenicity, study highlights differential expression of innate immunity related genes where a candidate gene could be selected to construct vaccine strains through reverse genetics system with cumulative potential to enhance immunity and combat challenge from field viruses in the future.
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