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علامہ اقبال اور دیگر ادبی مشاہیر کی رثائی شاعری

علامہ اقبال اوردیگر ادبی مشاہیر کی رثائی شاعری

مرثیہ(1)ایسی نظم کو کہتے ہیں جس میں وفات پانے والی شخصیت کی صفات  بیان  کی جاتی ہیں۔ اردو مرثیہ ایک ایسی صنف ادب ہے  جس میں  کربلا کے حالات و واقعات  پیش کئے جاتے ہیں ۔بالخصوص حضرت امام حسین  اور ان کے خانوادے کی شہادت کا تذکرہ  کیا جاتا ہے۔مرثیہ میں کسی مذہبی ، قومی پیشوا یا کسی محبوب شخصیت کی موت پر غم کا اظہار بھی  کیا جاتا ہے اور اس کی  خوبیاں اس طرح بیان کی جاتی ہیں  کہ قارئین بھی متاثر ہو ں ۔مرثیہ کے لئے کسی مخصوص ہئیت یا ترتیب قوافی کی کوئی شرط نہیں ۔قصیدہ،مثنوی ،رباعی ،مربع ،مخمس ،مسدس،ترجیع بند ، ترکیب  بند غرض کہ شاعر جس ہئیت  میں چاہے  مرثیہ تحریر کرسکتا ہے۔اردو ادب میں مرثیے کا ایک خاص مفہوم بھی ہے یعنی شہدائے کربلا کا مرثیہ خود ایک نہایت وقیع صنفِ ادب کی حیثیت سے اپنا مقام منوا چکا ہے۔
 مرثیہ گوئی کی روایت میں ایک بڑا نام فرزندِ سیالکوٹ علامہ اقبال کا بھی ہے۔    اقبال ؒ نے بھی مرثیہ نگاری  میں اپنے تخلیقی جوہر پیش کئے ہیں۔ان کے ہاں شخصی مرثیے کا اظہار زیادہ ہے جیسا کہ 1905ء میں داغ کی وفات پر  انہوں نے 23 اشعار پر مشتمل ایک مختصر مرثیہ لکھا جو ایجازو اختصار ،رمزو کنایہ ،تاثیر و بلاغت اور دیگر شعری محاسن سے  مزین ہے۔علامہ اقبال ؒ نے اپنے مخصوص طرزِ سخن کو بروے کار لاتے ہوئے داغ کی جذبات نگاری کو بہترین خراج تحسین پیش کیا ہے۔اس کے علاوہ ان  کا مرثیہ "والدہ مرحومہ کی یاد میں  اردو مرثیے کے حوالے سے ایک اہم اثاثہ ہے۔یہ نظم  انہوں نے اپنی والد ہ کی وفات پر ان کی یاد میں لکھی ۔  اقبال ؒ کی شعری دنیا میں شخصی مرثیوں کے علاوہ کربلا کا شعوری سفر اپنے...

Fighting Odds in Domestic Sphere: Mothers’ Role to Alter Cultural Values Governing Daughters’ Rights in Pakistan

Feminism begins at home. To test this question this article is based on findings of a survey and discussion with three generations of mothers, who had struggled for ensuring rights of their daughters in particular. They represent diverse ethnic groups of Pakistan. True, in an overall patriarchal environment, mothers are blamed for perpetuating son preference and socializing the daughters to a submissive role, but it is also true that mothers of somewhat different inclination have been continuously resisting the odds put in their daughters’ ways to enjoy and progress in life. Even in rural areas, illiterate mothers’ have been asserting for daughter’s education, mobility, cultural participation and choice in marriage. Mothers have been promoting daughters’ rights, a struggle which can be labeled as ‘activism in domestic space’, which is transmitted and reinforced down the generations of mothers. Thus the role of mothers in changing cultural values and gender stereotypes is essential to be studied. They have the agency for taking initiatives in a domain which instills feminism very successfully in an unnoticeable way. The study proves that even mothers can be corrosive for patriarchy. Selection of three generations of mothers from rural and urban areas and different ethnic groups provides a good cross-section and shows the trend in various sociological regions.

Prediction Based Greedy Routing Strategies for Wireless Networks of Moving Objects

Calculation and prediction of link duration between two nodes connected, as to create networks for communication system has always been a main area of high degree of importance. With the introduction of Ad Hoc networking concept along with its emerging subsets like MANETs, VANETs and FLYNETs. The issue regarding the calculation and prediction of the node''s link with reference to time is becoming more challenging because of the requirements of different strategies in different scenarios. As well as the changing topology and high speed of node had a great impact of link duration analysis. Geographic routing algorithms have the potency to work with a large network without maintaining the routing table of a node with complete route information, thus decreased the routing overhead. These routing strategies are incredibly suitable for the networks created by the VANETs with their high speeds and changing topology characterization. A number of researchers are involved with the development of routing strategies for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), which can cope up with the uncertainties of the scenarios associated with the variable speed and high dynamics change of network topologies. With the advent of IPv6 and cheap availability of GPS, system''s geographic routing is becoming a solution for the problem associated with the possibility of the successful routing in VANETs. Disadvantage associated with the geographic routing is its reliability associated with the precise requirement of position information of the node. These networks are quite hard to handle in terms of the presence of such hindrances or may prove to be much more cost effective. Furthermore, time lagging factor’s presence in the routing table of the neighboring node because of the movement of the node position information is a reality which cannot be denied. Hence, the pattern of movement of a node is another issue which should be taken into account before the selection of routing nodes. Opportunely, according to our analysis vehicle movement is not complicated in highway scenarios. By using this, the significant observation, we had designed a movement pattern which can simulate the nodes moving in the highway scenario. Data set of a project group had been used. Project group had gathered data on a high way for bi directional traffic. Roads are divided into 1000 meter segments as to observe the movement pattern and then analysis had been performed. Our highway scenarios are able to capture different events and also connect the vehicles on the road from each other. We have suggested a fresh approach for geographic routing, which exploits the predicted locations of vehicles. We have proposed a stable link duration technique based on the prediction method by using the heading direction and present speed of a vehicle. This can effectively reduce the requested frequency of position update. Special tool in MATLAB has been designed for the testing different scenarios of VANETs by using different entity based mobility models.
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