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ہم مدینے کی گلیوں میں جب جائیں گے

ہم مدینے کی گلیوں میں جب جائیں گے
اشک اپنے تو تھمنے نہیں پائیں گے

ابرِ رحمت کے چھینٹے برس جائیں گے
اشک آنکھوں میں ہم جب بھی چھلکائیں گے

ہاتھ خالی تو واں سے نہیں آئیں گے
اک شفاعت کی سوغات تو لائیں گے


صبح ہو ، شام ہو، رات ہو یا کہ دن
اُن کی توصیف کے گیت ہم گائیں گے

زندگی کی کڑی دُھوپ میں خود کو ہم
گنبدِ سبز کے سائے میں پائیں گے

جب مدینے سے رُخصت کی ہو گی گھڑی
غمزدہ دل کو ہم کیسے بہلائیں گے

Media Framing of the ‘War on Terror’: The Case of Urdu-Language Elite Press During the Dictatorial Regime in Pakistan

This research is focused on press-government relationship on the issue of ‘War on Terrorism’ (WoT) during the dictatorial regime led by the then military ruler General Pervez Musharraf who remained in power till 2008 in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Global war against terrorism, generally known as ‘war on terror’ was actually started by the United States of America in the aftermath of 9/11 episode in 2001. Pakistan, on US demand, had not only become an important ally of the grand alliance formed under the umbrella of the United States but had also adopted the role of a frontline state just to fight the war against terrorism (WoT) alongside the war allies. Generally mass media have the potential to influence public opinion and help reshape the states’ policies on different issues. Likewise, mass media of Pakistan also took an active part in the war either by going alongside the then dictatorial government or against it. This research is based on examining the way the Urdu language elite press, the most popular mass media of Pakistan, covered the dictatorial regime of President General Pervez Musharraf with regard to its policy on the issue of ‘WoT’. Main purpose of this study is to know the nature of relationship between the Urdu-language elite press and the dictatorial government of Gen Musharraf in Pakistan with regard to their policy positions on ‘WoT’ from 2001 to 2008. Three newspapers including daily Jang, daily Nawa-I-Waqt, and daily Pakistan, considered to be representatives of the Urdu-language elite press of Pakistan, were selected for this study. The method used to measure the phenomenon is called framing where contents of the selected dailies were measured both quantitatively and qualitatively. Data were collected through systematic sampling method, while coding sheet was used as a tool for data collection. Unsigned main editorials of the selected newspapers were analyzed to examine the nature of relationship existed between the two entities i.e. The Urdu-language elite press, and the dictatorial government of Gen Pervez Musharraf, on the issue of ‘WoT’ in Pakistan. The results revealed that the selected elite newspapers, in general, remained critical to the dictatorial regime on the issue of ‘WoT’. The findings also revealed that daily Nawa-I-Waqt remained highly critical to the government as compared to its other contemporaries i.e. Daily Jang, and daily Pakistan. It was also revealed that the Urdu-language elite press while framing the ‘War on Terror’ remained somewhat supportive and rarely neutral to the dictatorial regime on it policy on ‘WoT’.

Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from a Pemc Circular Cylinder Placed under Wide Double Wedge

A new wedge diffraction function, called as Naveed-Naqvi-Hongo (NNH) wedge diffraction function, is derived and evaluated asymptotically by applying the steepest descent method. It is found that the total field with NNH solution is continuous at the shadow boundaries and gives the well known non-uniform expression for the observa- tion point far from the shadow boundaries. Numerical comparison of NNH solution is made with exact series solution and Pauli-Kouyumjian-Pathak (PKP) result. It is found that the agreement among these three is fairly well. In contrast to the ex- pressions proposed by Kouyoumjian and Pathak, the NNH solution does not need the parameters to switch for the region of validity, hence it is easier to make a numerical code. The validity of NNH wedge diffraction function is further checked by evaluating the diffracted field from a geometry which contains an infinite slit in a perfect electric conducting (PEC) plane. It is further extended to a more complex geometry consisting of two parallel PEC wedges and a perfect electromagnetic conductor (PEMC) circular cylinder which is placed under the PEC wide double wedge. It is found that by using the NNH solution, the results evaluated for some special cases, including the trans- mission coefficient of PEC slit, are in fairly good agreement with the published work. The transmission coefficient and the diffraction pattern of PEC wide double wedge is studied and elaborated by considering a geometry consisting of a coated PEMC cylin- der placed under the two parallel wedges. The cylinder is coated with double positive (DPS) or double negative (DNG) materials. Finally, a comparison of the transmission coefficient of PEC geometry, as evaluated by using NNH solution, is made with the geometry of more practical nature, that is, an impedance slit
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